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Fulltext Pregnancy outcomes compared in women with mechanical heart valve replacements anticoagulated with warfarin and enoxaparin in pregnancy

Vijayan V, Rachel T

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):591-4.
PMID: 23770951 MyJurnal

The anticoagulation of choice for mechanical heart valves is the oral anticoagulant warfarin. Warfarin is associated with increased risk of miscarriage, intrauterine fetal deaths and warfarin embryopathy. This longitudical cross-over study of 5 women observed all 5 having livebirths of healthy infants after heparin-managed pregnancies. Their earlier 8 pregnancies had all resulted in perinatal losses or miscarriages when on regimes based on warfarin.
Fulltext EXIT Llyod Davies

Mohd Faizal, A., Vijayan, V., Sandhya, M.M., Noor Shahieddah, F., Vinod, S., Tan, L.K., et al.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2015;5(1):71-74.
MyJurnal

The EXIT (Ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedures have been, with a high degree of success, employed to treat a myriad types of fetal airway obstruction most commonly neck masses such as cystic hygroma and lymphangioma with ample plan including prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound scan or MRI. Before the advent of EXIT, formal documentations had been published with descriptions of intubation during intrapartum period and fetal airway protection either during normal or operative delivery. We report a 28-year-old gravida 2 para 1 who was referred to our Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM) unit at 26 weeks and 3 days gestation with a foetal neck mass. We present a case of an successful EXIT procedure performed in the Lloyd Davies position with the hips abducted and flexed at 15 degrees as is employed during gynecologic laparoscopy surgery minus the Trendelenburg tilt. Both mother and baby are well. The benefits of this position are discussed.
Updated Regulatory Considerations for Nanomedicines

Subin TS, Vijayan V, Kumar KJR

Pharm Nanotechnol, 2017;5(3):180-191.
PMID: 28641516 DOI: 10.2174/2211738505666170615095542

BACKGROUND: Nanomedicine is a branch which deals with medicinal products, devices, nonbiological complex drugs and antibody-nanoparticle conjugates and general health products that are manufactured using nanotechnology.
OBJECTIVE: Nano-medicine provides the same efficacies as traditional medicines owing to their improved solubility and bioavailability with reduced dosages. However, there are currently safety concerns due to the difficulties related to nanomaterial characterization; this might be the reason for unawareness of such medicines among the patients. The absence of clear regulatory guidelines further complicates matters, as it makes the path to registering them with regulatory bodies difficult. However, some products have overcome these obstacles and have been registered. While there are many international initiatives to harmonize the regulatory requirements and helps the industry to determine the most important characteristics that influence in vivo product performance.
CONCLUSION: This review focuses on the various types of nanopharmaceuticals, and developments process with strategies tailored to upcoming regulations may satisfy the patients' needs.
Effect of Paclitaxel-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles on MDA-MB Type Cell Lines: Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Studies

Vijayan V, Shalini K, Yugesvaran V, Yee TH, Balakrishnan S, Palanimuthu VR

Curr Pharm Des, 2018;24(28):3366-3375.
PMID: 30179118 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180903110301

BACKGROUND: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer is an aggressive type of breast cancer, which is not treatable by chemotherapy drugs, due to the lack of Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR) expression and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) on the cell surface.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of paclitaxel loaded PLGA nanoparticle (PTX-NPs) on the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of the different MDA-MB type of cell lines.
METHOD: PTX-NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation method and characterized earlier. The cytotoxicity of PTX-NPs was evaluated by MTT and LDH assay, later apoptosis was calculated by flow cytometry analysis.
RESULTS: The prepared NP size of 317.5 nm and zetapontial of -12.7 mV showed drug release of 89.1 % at 48 h. MDA-MB-231 type cell showed significant cytotoxicity by MTT method of 47.4 ± 1.2 % at 24 h, 34.6 ± 0.8 % at 48 h and 23.5 ± 0.5 % at 72 h and LDH method of 35.9 ± 1.5 % at 24 h, 25.4 ± 0.6 % at 48 h and 19.8 ± 2.2 % at 72 h with apoptosis of 47.3 ± 0.4 %.
CONCLUSION: We have found that PTX-NPs showed the cytotoxic effect on all the MDA-MB cancer cell lines and showed potent anticancer activities against MDA-MB-231 cell line via induction of apoptosis.
2'-Aryl and 4'-arylidene substituted pyrazolones: As potential α-amylase inhibitors

Yousuf S, Khan KM, Salar U, Chigurupati S, Muhammad MT, Wadood A, et al.

Eur J Med Chem, 2018 Nov 05;159:47-58.
PMID: 30268823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.052

Acarbose and voglibose are well-known α-amylase inhibitors used for the management of type-II diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, these well-known and clinically used inhibitors are also associated with several adverse effects. Therefore, there is still need to develop the safer therapy. Despite of a broad spectrum of biological significances of pyrazolone, it is infrequently evaluated for α-amylase inhibition. Current study deals with the synthesis and biological screening of aryl and arylidene substituted pyrazolones 1-18 for their potential α-amylase inhibitory activity. Structures of synthetic derivatives 1-18 were identified by different spectroscopic techniques. All compounds 1-18 (IC50 = 1.61 ± 0.16 μM to 2.38 ± 0.09 μM) exhibited significant to moderate inhibitory potential when compared to standard acarbose (IC50 = 1.46 ± 0.26 μM). A number of derivatives including 8-12 (IC50 = 1.68 ± 0.1 μM to 1.97 ± 0.07 μM) and 14-16 (IC50 = 1.61 ± 0.16 μM to 1.93 ± 0.07 μM) were found to be significantly active. Limited SAR suggested that different substitutions on compounds do not have any significant effect on the inhibitory potential. Compounds were found to be mixed-type inhibitors revealed by kinetic studies. However, in silico study was identified a number of key features participating in the interaction with the binding site of α-amylase enzyme.
Mineralization of palm oil mill effluent by advanced oxidation processes: A review on current trends and the way forward

Vijayan V, Joseph CG, Taufiq-Yap YH, Gansau JA, Nga JLH, Li Puma G, et al.

Environ Pollut, 2024 Feb 01;342:123099.
PMID: 38070640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123099

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is regarded as deleterious to the environment, primarily owing to the substantial volume of waste it produces during palm oil extraction. In terms of contaminant composition, POME surpasses the pollutant content typically found in standard municipal sewage, therefore releasing it without treatment into water bodies would do irreparable damage to the environment. Main palm oil mills are normally located in the proximity of natural rivers in order to take advantage of the cheap and abundant water source. The same rivers are also used as a water source for many villages situated along the river banks. As such, it is imperative to degrade POME before its disposal into the water bodies for obvious reasons. The treatment methods used so far include the biological processes such as open ponding/land application, which consist of aerobic as well as anaerobic ponds, physicochemical treatment including membrane technology, adsorption and coagulation are successful for the mitigation of contaminants. As the above methods require large working area and it takes more time for contaminant degradation, and in consideration of the strict environmental policies as well as palm oil being the most sort of vegetable oil in several countries, numerous researchers have concentrated on the emerging technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to remediate POME. Methods such as the photocatalysis, Fenton process, sonocatalysis, sonophotocatalysis, ozonation have attained special importance for the degradation of POME because of their efficiency in complete mineralization of organic pollutants in situ. This review outlines the AOP technologies currently available for the mineralization of POME with importance given to sonophotocatalysis and ozonation as these treatment process removes the need to transfer the pollutant while possibly degrading the organic matter sufficiently to be used in other industry like fertilizer manufacturing.
Fulltext Overweight: Its associated risk factors and health related conditions among adults in Kampung Tiga Papan. [Abstract]

Sia YL, Juis E, Reddy J, Sepen A, Lam PJ, Vijayan V, et al.

Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018;12(101):33-0.
MyJurnal DOI: 10.51200/bjms.v0i0.1381

Abstracts of 4th Scientific Research Conference, organised by the Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Background: Malaysia has been ranked the fattest country in Southeast Asia. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk factor for death globally in 2008. It may lead to increase of risk of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and hypertension.
Objectives: This research aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight and association of overweight with sociodemography, lifestyle as well as its health related conditions of adults in Kampung Tiga Papan.
Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study was used to achieve our specific objectives. A total of 199 adults aged 18 years and above in Kampung Tiga Papan had been recruited by non-probability sampling method. Sociodemographic data and lifestyle adopted were obtained via validated questionnaire, the BMI status of respondents were calculated, blood pressure was measured and DASS-21 score was used to assess mental health of the respondents.
Results: There are 118 (59.3%) respondents categorized into overweight group (BMI>23 kg/m2) and 130 (65.3%) respondents are having abdominal obesity (Waist-hip ratio: male>0.9 and female>0.8). There are significant association between gender, household-income, alcohol status and preference of food and BMI status. Besides, there are significant association between gender, household income, alcohol and smoking status and significant increased risk of hypertension in overweight group.
Conclusion: Overweight is associated to some sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. It helps to target high risk population and community intervention can be done to reduce the prevalence of overweight
Exploring efficacy of indole-based dual inhibitors for α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes: In silico, biochemical and kinetic studies

Kawde AN, Taha M, Alansari RS, Almandil NB, Anouar EH, Uddin N, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Jul 01;154:217-232.
PMID: 32173438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.090

α-Glucosidase and α-amylase are enzymes which are associated with diabetic II. These enzymes break macromolecules of sugar into monosugar molecules which is soluble in body, hence increase the sugar level in blood. There is need to develop economical and save inhibitors to prevent them from breaking sugar macromolecules to soluble molecules which will control the level of sugar in blood. Therefore, we synthesized indole-based derivatives (1-18) and evaluated as dual inhibitor for α-glucosidase and α-amylase. These chemical scaffolds were built with variation in aryl ring which were found active with good to moderate activity for α-glucosidase having IC50 value ranging from 13.99 ± 0.10 to 59.09 ± 0.30 μM when compared with standard acarbose with IC50 of 11.29 ± 0.10 μM; for α-amylase IC50 value ranging from 13.14 ± 0.10 to 58.99 ± 0.30 μM when compared with the standard acarbose with IC50 of 11.12 ± 0.10 μM. Structure activity relationship (SAR) has been established for all compounds. Enzymatic kinetic study and molecular docking study have been carried out to investigate the binding interactions α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme.
Fulltext Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1

Klionsky DJ, Abdel-Aziz AK, Abdelfatah S, Abdellatif M, Abdoli A, Abel S, et al.

Autophagy, 2021 Jan;17(1):1-382.
PMID: 33634751 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.