Peningkatan ekspresi dan aktiviti enzim 11β-hidroksisteroid dehidrogenase jenis
1 (11β-HSD1) di dalam sel adiposit matang menyebabkan obesiti dan sindrom
metabolik. Fruktos dalam air minuman telah terbukti boleh menyebabkan sindrom
metabolik pada tikus Wistar jantan. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk melihat
kesan ke atas ekspresi dan aktiviti enzim 11β-HSD1 di dalam hati model tikus
sindrom metabolik yang dirangsang dengan air minuman fruktos. Sebanyak 12 ekor
tikus Wistar jantan dibahagikan secara rawak kepada dua kumpulan: kumpulan
kawalan, C (n=6) dan kumpulan yang diberi minuman fruktos 20%, F20 (n=6).
Pemberian makanan dan air minuman selama lapan minggu secara ad libitum. Di
akhir kajian, pengukuran ekspresi enzim 11β-HSD1 di dalam hati dilakukan dengan
menggunakan teknik pewarnaan imunohistokimia. Skor diberikan berdasarkan
intensiti pewarnaan granul di dalam sitoplasma hepatosit menggunakan teknik
‘double-blinded’. Manakala, aktiviti enzim 11β-HSD1 diukur menggunakan teknik
ELISA. Selepas lapan minggu pengambilan air minuman fruktos, kumpulan F20
menunjukkan peningkatan dalam ekspresi dan aktiviti enzim 11β-HSD1 di dalam
hati. Data yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa enzim 11β-HSD1 di dalam
hati mungkin memainkan peranan dalam pembentukan sindrom metabolik dan
komplikasinya pada tikus Wistar jantan.
Presented herein is a case of one different morphological anomaly of pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle. Here, the shape of PQ was not similar to the normal morphology of the muscle. The PQ muscle appeared to be in distinct triangular-shaped instead of quadrangular-shaped. In addition, this triangular-shaped was found in two sites i.e. proximal and distal. Significantly, the PQ muscle consisted of two fleshy red fibres and white aponeurosis. Proximally placed portion had a wide base and a narrower apex. The larger base was attached to the ulna and formed of fleshy red fibres which converged laterally to be continuous with aponeurosis ending on the radius. In contrast, the distal triangular portion had the fleshy fibres attached to the radius and converged medially to be continuous with aponeurotic portions on the ulna. Each portion were referred as pronator triangularis proximalis and pronator triangularis distalis. These variations might affect atypically in cases of forearm pronation. Information of these variations is important in hand surgeries and provide an additional knowledge on the relationship between morphology of PQ muscle and the limitation or the strength in the action of it.
Fifth metatarsal bone fracture is one of the most commonest fractures of the foot.
The decision for surgical or conservative approach is still inconclusive. Scoring
system, decision analysis model and classification system are established to weigh
between surgical and conservation approaches. Its unique anatomy and surgical
complication influence decision on optimal surgical approach. Therefore, the
present review attempts to look at factors that might influence decision making in
management of fifth metatarsal fracture.
Menopause, a cessation of menstrual bleeding, is directly related to serious
illness confined to cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension and stroke. The oestrogen withdrawal and consumption of high cholesterol diet has
a detrimental effect on cardiovascular function and metabolism in menopausal
women. The present study was aimed to develop the hypertensive rat model in
the ovariectomised Sprague Dawley rats fed with 2% cholesterol diet following a
short term period. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three
groups; Sham control (sham), ovariectomized control fed with normal diet (Ovx
+N), ovariectomized rats fed with 2% cholesterol diet (Ovx + Cho) for four weeks.
At the end of the study, the food intake and body weight were measured. The
systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure was determined. OVX+Cho showed
significant increase in physiological changes such as body weight and food intake
compared to Ovx+N group. The significant increase in systolic, diastolic and mean
blood pressure was observed in Ovx+Cho group. Based on the above findings,
it is believed that feeding cholesterol diet for four weeks (short term) results in
significant increase in the blood pressure, food intake and body weight in the
ovariectomised rats.
In recent years, there is a growing enthusiasm in honey which has potential health benefits, disease prevention and serves as substitution of modern medicine. Honey is a natural sweet product which is produced by honey bees from floral nectar and has been traditionally used to treat several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease since ancient times. Gelam honey (GH) is one of the Malaysian wild monofloral honey which is widely used as traditional medicine by the local population. GH is enriched with several therapeutic properties namely, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, anticancer and accelerated wound healing activities. However, there is lack of literature focusing on the overall effects of GH and its medicinal value. This review paper summarises the phytochemistry characteristics of GH along with its therapeutic values which lead to a broad spectrum idea on several diseases. A concise clarification on the therapeutic properties of GH is expected to provide new knowledge to the scientific society in the era of modern globalization.
Bisep brachii (BB) adalah salah satu otot yang mempunyai pelbagai variasi.
Terkini, kebanyakan maklumat adalah berkenaan variasi asal otot, namun terdapat
beberapa kes yang melaporkan variasi dalam sisipan BB. Dibentangkan di sini
kes BB otot yang mempunyai kedua-dua varian asal dan sisipan dalam otot yang
sama. Varian asal BB adalah panjang dan besar di kepala ketiga (10.2 cm lebar
dan 4.9 cm tebal) yang timbul dari pertengahan badan humerus. Lebih signifikan
lagi, bahagian tengah kepala meliputi dan menyembunyikan bahagian bawah
saraf median dan arteri brachial sebagai gerbang yang berterusan medially untuk
disisipkan ke epicondyle medial humerus. Dalam laporan ini, kami membincangkan
mekanisma yang mungkin untuk pemampatan neurovaskular oleh kepala ketiga
otot BB yang tidak normal dan perubahan BB dari asal dan sisipan. Memahami
perubahan ini adalah sangat penting dalam prosedur pembedahan di sekeliling
sendi siku dan lengan atas dan ia juga memberi ruang untuk diagnosis pembezaan
sindrom perangkap saraf
The occurrence of severe lead (Pb) poisoning has risen in certain countries.
There is increasing evidence that chronic lead exposure disturbs the prooxidant:
antioxidant balance in the brain tissue and alters brain histology. The present
study observed the antioxidant effect of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on brain
tissues of the experimental rats following lead poisoning. Eighteen (n=18) male
Sprague-Dawley rats, 6-weeks old, were randomly divided into control (CTRL)
group and experimental groups; fed with 0.2% w/v lead acetate, as PB2 group;
and fed with 0.2% w/v lead acetate and daily TRF supplementation (200 mg/kg
body weight) as PB2T group. The experiment was conducted for 30 days. At the
end of the study, the brain tissues were harvested and histopathological changes of
the hippocampal region were observed. Biochemical findings such as brain lead,
TRF and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activity were determined. It was observed that atypical apoptotic-like and
disorganized neurons were present in the hippocampal region of the untreated
PB2 group compared to PB2T group. Biochemical parameters showed a significant
decrease (p < 0.05) in brain lead level in PB2T compared to PB. Even though no
significant difference (p > 0.05) was obtained for MDA level, there was a significant
increase (p < 0.05) in the erythrocyte SOD activity in PB2T compared to PB2 and
CTRL. Supplementation with TRF improved histopathological changes in the brain
tissues caused by lead exposure in drinking water by reducing lead accumulation
in the brain of experimental rats.