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  1. Sudesh K, Loo CY, Goh LK, Iwata T, Maeda M
    Macromol Biosci, 2007 Nov 12;7(11):1199-205.
    PMID: 17703476
    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have attracted the attention of academia and industry because of their plastic-like properties and biodegradability. However, practical applications as a commodity material have not materialized because of their high production cost and unsatisfactory mechanical properties. PHAs are also believed to have high-value applications as an absorbable biomaterial for tissue engineering and drug-delivery devices because of their biocompatibility. However, research in these areas is still in its very early stages. The main problem faced by proponents of PHAs is the lack of a niche area where PHAs will be the most desired material in terms of its function during use rather than because of its eco-friendly virtues after use. Here, we report on the oil-absorbing property of PHA films and its potential applications. By comparing with some of the existing commercial products, the potential application of PHAs as cosmetic oil-blotting films is revealed for the first time. Besides having the ability to rapidly absorb and retain oil, PHA films also have a natural oil-indicator property, showing obvious changes in opacity following oil absorption. Surface analysis revealed that the surface structures such as porosity and smoothness exert great influence on the rapid oil-absorption properties of the PHA films. These newly discovered properties could be exploited to create a niche area for the practical applications of PHAs.
  2. Viswanathan G, Hsu YH, Voon SH, Imae T, Siriviriyanun A, Lee HB, et al.
    Macromol Biosci, 2016 06;16(6):882-95.
    PMID: 26900760 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500435
    Previously synthesized amphiphilic diblock copolymers with pendant dendron moieties have been investigated for their potential use as drug carriers to improve the delivery of an anticancer drug to human breast cancer cells. Diblock copolymer (P71 D3 )-based micelles effectively encapsulate the doxorubicin (DOX) with a high drug-loading capacity (≈95%, 104 DOX molecules per micelle), which is approximately double the amount of drug loaded into the diblock copolymer (P296 D1 ) vesicles. DOX released from the resultant P71 D3 /DOX micelles is approximately 1.3-fold more abundant, at a tumoral acidic pH of 5.5 compared with a pH of 7.4. The P71 D3 /DOX micelles also enhance drug potency in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells due to their higher intracellular uptake, by approximately twofold, compared with the vesicular nanocarrier, and free DOX. Micellar nanocarriers are taken up by lysosomes via energy-dependent processes, followed by the release of DOX into the cytoplasm and subsequent translocation into the nucleus, where it exert its cytotoxic effect.
  3. Wren AW, Hassanzadeh P, Placek LM, Keenan TJ, Coughlan A, Boutelle LR, et al.
    Macromol Biosci, 2015 Aug;15(8):1146-58.
    PMID: 25923463 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500109
    Silver (Ag) coated bioactive glass particles (Ag-BG) were formulated and compared to uncoated controls (BG) in relation to glass characterization, solubility and microbiology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a crystalline AgNP surface coating while ion release studies determined low Ag release (<2 mg/L). Cell culture studies presented increased cell viability (127 and 102%) with lower liquid extract (50 and 100 ml/ml) concentrations. Antibacterial testing of Ag-BG in E. coli, S. epidermidis and S. aureus significantly reduced bacterial cell viability by 60-90%. Composites of Ag-BG/CMC-Dex Hydrogels were formulated and characterized. Agar diffusion testing was conducted where Ag-BG/hydrogel composites produced the largest inhibition zones of 7 mm (E. coli), 5 mm (S. aureus) and 4 mm (S. epidermidis).
  4. Zeimaran E, Pourshahrestani S, Kadri NA, Kong D, Shirazi SFS, Naveen SV, et al.
    Macromol Biosci, 2019 Oct;19(10):e1900176.
    PMID: 31441595 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900176
    Stretchable self-healing urethane-based biomaterials have always been crucial for biomedical applications; however, the strength is the main constraint of utilization of these healable materials. Here, a series of novel, healable, elastomeric, supramolecular polyester urethane nanocomposites of poly(1,8-octanediol citrate) and hexamethylene diisocyanate reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are introduced. Nanocomposites with various amounts of CNCs from 10 to 50 wt% are prepared using solvent casting technique followed by the evaluation of their microstructural features, mechanical properties, healability, and biocompatibility. The synthesized nanocomposites indicate significantly higher tensile modulus (approximately 36-500-fold) in comparison to the supramolecular polymer alone. Upon exposure to heat, the materials can reheal, but nevertheless when the amount of CNC is greater than 10 wt%, the self-healing ability of nanocomposites is deteriorated. These materials are capable of rebonding ruptured parts and fully restoring their mechanical properties. In vitro cytotoxicity test of the nanocomposites using human dermal fibroblasts confirms their good cytocompatibility. The optimized structure, self-healing attributes, and noncytotoxicity make these nanocomposites highly promising for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.
  5. Bapat RA, Muthusamy SK, Sidhu P, Mak KK, Parolia A, Pichika MR, et al.
    Macromol Biosci, 2021 Dec 06.
    PMID: 34870895 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100326
    Novel 3D-biomaterial scaffold is constructed having a combination of a new quaternary ammonium silane (k21) antimicrobial impregnated in 3D collagen printed scaffolds cross linked with Riboflavin in presence of d-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethyleneglycol)-1000-succinate. Groups of "0.1% and 0.2% k21", and "0.1% and 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX)" are prepared. k21/CHX with neutralized collagen is printed with BioX. Riboflavin is photo-activated and examined using epifluorescence for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (7-days). Collagen is examined using TEM and measured for porosity, and shape-fitting. Raman and tandem mass/solid-state are performed with molecular-docking and circular-dichroism. X-ray diffractions, rheological tests, contact angle, and ninhydrin assay are conducted. k21 samples demonstrated collagen aggregates while 0.1% CHX and 0.2% CHX showed irregularities. Porosity of control and "0.1% and 0.2% k21" scaffolds show no differences. Low contact angle, improved elastic-modulus, rigidity, and smaller strain in k21 groups are seen. Bacteria are reduced and strong organic intensities are seen in k21 scaffolds. Simulation shows hydrophobicity/electrostatic interaction. Crosslinking is observed in 0.2% CHX/79% and 0.2% k21/80%. Circular dichroism for k21 are suggestive of triple helix. XRD patterns appear at d = 5.97, 3.03, 2.78, 2.1, and 2.90 A°. 3D-printing of collagen impregnated with quaternary ammonium silane produces a promising scaffold with antimicrobial potency and structural stability.
  6. Bashiri Z, Moghaddaszadeh A, Falak R, Khadivi F, Afzali A, Abbasi M, et al.
    Macromol Biosci, 2023 Sep;23(9):e2200574.
    PMID: 37116215 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200574
    In vitro production of sperm is a desirable idea for fertility preservation in azoospermic men and prepubertal boys suffering from cancer. In this study, a biocompatible porous scaffold based on a triad mixture of silk fibroin (SF), alginate (Alg), and laminin (LM) is developed to facilitate the differentiation of mouse spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs). Following SF extraction, the content is analyzed by SDS-PAGE and stable porous 3D scaffolds are successfully prepared by merely Alg, SF, and a combination of Alg-SF, or Alg-SF-LM through freeze-drying. Then, the biomimetic scaffolds are characterized regarding the structural and biological properties, water absorption capacity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical behavior. Neonatal mice testicular cells are seeded on three-dimensional scaffolds and their differentiation efficiency is evaluated using real-time PCR, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry. Blend matrices showed uniform porous microstructures with interconnected networks, which maintained long-term stability and mechanical properties better than homogenous structures. Molecular analysis of the cells after 21 days of culture showed that the expression of differentiation-related proteins in cells that are developed in composite scaffolds is significantly higher than in other groups. The application of a composite system can lead to the differentiation of SSCs, paving the way for a novel infertility treatment landscape in the future.
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