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Arbovirus infections in Sarawak: the isolation of Kunjin virus from mosquitoes of the Culex pseudovishnui group

Ching CY, Casals J, Bowen ET, Simpson DI, Platt GS, Way HJ, et al.

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1970 Sep;64(3):263-8.
PMID: 5500097
Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/immunology; Arboviruses/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Present and future arboviral threats

Weaver SC, Reisen WK

Antiviral Res, 2010 Feb;85(2):328-45.
PMID: 19857523 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.008

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. All arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. Viruses such as dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. Many arboviruses recently have increased in importance as human and veterinary pathogens using a variety of mechanisms. Beginning in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) underwent a dramatic geographic expansion into the Americas. High amplification associated with avian virulence coupled with adaptation for replication at higher temperatures in mosquito vectors, has caused the largest epidemic of arboviral encephalitis ever reported in the Americas. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the most frequent arboviral cause of encephalitis worldwide, has spread throughout most of Asia and as far south as Australia from its putative origin in Indonesia and Malaysia. JEV has caused major epidemics as it invaded new areas, often enabled by rice culture and amplification in domesticated swine. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), another arbovirus that infects humans after amplification in domesticated animals, undergoes epizootic transmission during wet years following droughts. Warming of the Indian Ocean, linked to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Pacific, leads to heavy rainfall in east Africa inundating surface pools and vertically infected mosquito eggs laid during previous seasons. Like WNV, JEV and RVFV could become epizootic and epidemic in the Americas if introduced unintentionally via commerce or intentionally for nefarious purposes. Climate warming also could facilitate the expansion of the distributions of many arboviruses, as documented for bluetongue viruses (BTV), major pathogens of ruminants. BTV, especially BTV-8, invaded Europe after climate warming and enabled the major midge vector to expand is distribution northward into southern Europe, extending the transmission season and vectorial capacity of local midge species. Perhaps the greatest health risk of arboviral emergence comes from extensive tropical urbanization and the colonization of this expanding habitat by the highly anthropophilic (attracted to humans) mosquito, Aedes aegypti. These factors led to the emergence of permanent endemic cycles of urban DENV and CHIKV, as well as seasonal interhuman transmission of yellow fever virus. The recent invasion into the Americas, Europe and Africa by Aedes albopictus, an important CHIKV and secondary DENV vector, could enhance urban transmission of these viruses in tropical as well as temperate regions. The minimal requirements for sustained endemic arbovirus transmission, adequate human viremia and vector competence of Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus, may be met by two other viruses with the potential to become major human pathogens: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, already an important cause of neurological disease in humans and equids throughout the Americas, and Mayaro virus, a close relative of CHIKV that produces a comparably debilitating arthralgic disease in South America. Further research is needed to understand the potential of these and other arboviruses to emerge in the future, invade new geographic areas, and become important public and veterinary health problems.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/isolation & purification; Arboviruses/pathogenicity*
Elizaveta Nilolaevna Levkovich-75th birthday

Pogodina VV

Acta Virol., 1975 Nov;19(6):509.
PMID: 2002
Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses
Fulltext Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters

Vasilakis N, Tesh RB, Popov VL, Widen SG, Wood TG, Forrester NL, et al.

Viruses, 2019 05 23;11(5).
PMID: 31126128 DOI: 10.3390/v11050471

In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/isolation & purification; Arboviruses/physiology*; Arboviruses/ultrastructure
Neutralizing antibodies against arthropod-borne viruses in the sera of long-time residents of Malaya and Borneo

Smithburn KC

Am J Hyg, 1954 Mar;59(2):157-63.
PMID: 13138582
Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses*
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a primary hill forest in West Malaysia

Knudsen AB, Lewis DJ, Tesh RB, Rudnick A, Jeffery J, Singh I

J Med Entomol, 1979 Mar 23;15(3):286-91.
PMID: 220422
Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/isolation & purification*
Alphaviruses in Peninusular Malaysia: I. Virus isolations and animal serology

Marchette NJ, Rudnick A, Garcia R, MacVean DW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1978 Sep;9(3):317-29.
PMID: 34888

A survey of the activity of three alphaviruses (Sindbis, getah and chikungunya) in Peninsular Malaysia was conducted between 1962 and 1970. Serum samples were examined from 3,917 vertebrates representing a wide variety of wild and domestic animals throughout the peninsula for hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies. A total of 548,939 mosquitoes were collected from different habitats, including jungle, rural, suburban and urban areas, and the majority of the females taken were examined for the presence of virus. Two strains of Sindbis virus and one strain of getah virus were isolated from pools of Culex mosquitoes collected in and around domestic animal shelters. Analysis of the serological results indicated that, 1) getah virus is associated principally with large domestic animals, particularly swine, 2) Sindbis virus is associated with large domestic animals and birds, especially domestic ducks, and 3) chikungunya virus, which has not yet been isolated in Malaysia, appeared to be present at a very low level of activity, probably with wild monkeys as the vertebrate hosts.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/immunology; Arboviruses/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Nature of Complex Network of Dengue Epidemic as a Scale-Free Network

Malik HAM, Abid F, Mahmood N, Wahiddin MR, Malik A

Healthc Inform Res, 2019 Jul;25(3):182-192.
PMID: 31406610 DOI: 10.4258/hir.2019.25.3.182

Objectives: Dengue epidemic is a dynamic and complex phenomenon that has gained considerable attention due to its injurious effects. The focus of this study is to statically analyze the nature of the dengue epidemic network in terms of whether it follows the features of a scale-free network or a random network.
Methods: A multifarious network of Aedes aegypti is addressed keeping the viewpoint of a complex system and modelled as a network. The dengue network has been transformed into a one-mode network from a two-mode network by utilizing projection methods. Furthermore, three network features have been analyzed, the power-law, clustering coefficient, and network visualization. In addition, five methods have been applied to calculate the global clustering coefficient.
Results: It has been observed that dengue epidemic follows a power-law, with the value of its exponent γ = -2.1. The value of the clustering coefficient is high for dengue cases, as weight of links. The minimum method showed the highest value among the methods used to calculate the coefficient. Network visualization showed the main areas. Moreover, the dengue situation did not remain the same throughout the observed period.
Conclusions: The results showed that the network topology exhibits the features of a scale-free network instead of a random network. Focal hubs are highlighted and the critical period is found. Outcomes are important for the researchers, health officials, and policy makers who deal with arbovirus epidemic diseases. Zika virus and Chikungunya virus can also be modelled and analyzed in this manner.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses
Baicalein and baicalin as Zika virus inhibitors

Oo A, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Bakar SA, Zandi K

Arch Virol, 2019 Feb;164(2):585-593.
PMID: 30392049 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4083-4

At present, there is no effective antiviral agent for Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus that is known for its teratogenic effects on newborns. Baicalein and baicalin were found to be capable of downregulating ZIKV replication up to 10 hours postinfection, while prophylactic effects were evident in pre-treated cells. Baicalein exhibited its highest potency during intracellular ZIKV replication, whereas baicalin was most effective against virus entry. Our in silico interaction assays predicted that both compounds exhibited the strongest binding affinities towards ZIKV NS5, while the virus envelope glycoprotein was the least likely target protein. These findings serve as a crucial platform for further in-depth studies to decipher the underlying anti-ZIKV mechanism(s) of each compound.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses
Arbovirus infections in Sarawak, October 1968--February 1970 Tembusu and Sindbis virus isolations from mosquitoes

Platt GS, Way HJ, Bowen ET, Simpson DI, Hill MN, Kamath S, et al.

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1975 Mar;69(1):65-71.
PMID: 235907

Thirty isolations of Tembusu virus and four of Sindbis virus were obtained from approximately 280 000 mosquitoes collected between October 1968 and February 1970 in Sarawak, particularly from K. Tijirak, a Land Dyak village 19 miles South of Kuching. Twenty-two isolations of Tembusu virus and two of Sindbis virus were from Culex tritaeniorhynchus; two of Tembusu virus and two of Sindbis virus came from Culex gelidus. Tembusu virus was active throughout the year at K. Tijirak, the highest infection rates in C. tritaeniorhynchus being in January-March and May-August, when the C. tritaeniorhynchus population was declining and ageing. These results confirm that C. tritaeniorhynchus is the principal arthopod host of Tembusu virus in Sarawak. Antibody studies suggest that birds, particularly domestic fowl, are probably vertebrate maintenance hosts of Tembusu and Sindbis viruses in Sarawak.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/isolation & purification*
Arbovirus infections in Sarawak, October 1968-February 1970: GETAH virus isolations from mosquitoes

Simpson DI, Way HJ, Platt GS, Bowen ET, Hill MN, Kamath S, et al.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1975;69(1):35-8.
PMID: 238314

14 strains of Getah virus were isolated from a variety of mosquito species collected in Sarawak between October 1968 and February 1970. Ten strains were isolated from C. tritaeniorhynchus 7 of them at K. Tijirak. Single strains were isolated from C. gelidus, C. pseudovishnui, M. bonneae/dives and Aanopheles species. 6 of the isolates were obtained in October 1968 when Japanese encephalitis, Tembusu and Sindbis viruses were also very active. The available evidence suggest that Getah virus in Sarawak is maintained in a cycle similar to that of Japanese encephalitis virus and involves C. tritaeniorhynchus, C. gelidus and domestic pigs.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/isolation & purification
Fulltext Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti and human populations to Ross River virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Fu JYL, Chua CL, Abu Bakar AS, Vythilingam I, Wan Sulaiman WY, Alphey L, et al.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2023 Jun;17(6):e0011423.
PMID: 37307291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011423

BACKGROUND: Emerging arboviruses such as chikungunya and Zika viruses have unexpectedly caused widespread outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions recently. Ross River virus (RRV) is endemic in Australia and has epidemic potential. In Malaysia, Aedes mosquitoes are abundant and drive dengue and chikungunya outbreaks. We assessed risk of an RRV outbreak in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by determining vector competence of local Aedes mosquitoes and local seroprevalence as a proxy of human population susceptibility.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We assessed oral susceptibility of Malaysian Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by real-time PCR to an Australian RRV strain SW2089. Replication kinetics in midgut, head and saliva were determined at 3 and 10 days post-infection (dpi). With a 3 log10 PFU/ml blood meal, infection rate was higher in Ae. albopictus (60%) than Ae. aegypti (15%; p<0.05). Despite similar infection rates at 5 and 7 log10 PFU/ml blood meals, Ae. albopictus had significantly higher viral loads and required a significantly lower median oral infectious dose (2.7 log10 PFU/ml) than Ae. aegypti (4.2 log10 PFU/ml). Ae. albopictus showed higher vector competence, with higher viral loads in heads and saliva, and higher transmission rate (RRV present in saliva) of 100% at 10 dpi, than Ae. aegypti (41%). Ae. aegypti demonstrated greater barriers at either midgut escape or salivary gland infection, and salivary gland escape. We then assessed seropositivity against RRV among 240 Kuala Lumpur inpatients using plaque reduction neutralization, and found a low rate of 0.8%.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are susceptible to RRV, but Ae. albopictus displays greater vector competence. Extensive travel links with Australia, abundant Aedes vectors, and low population immunity places Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at risk of an imported RRV outbreak. Surveillance and increased diagnostic awareness and capacity are imperative to prevent establishment of new arboviruses in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses*
Fulltext Field demonstration of the usefulness of a model of 3D printed mosquito light trap made in Sabah

Shigeharu Sato, Tomonori Hoshi, Bumpei Tojo, Samson Yodot, Joni Jain

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):80-80.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Collecting mosquitoes is essential for research in mosquito-borne diseases, but the light traps used for that purpose are expensive and often difficult to obtain around research fields. We designed a new 3D-printable mosquito light trap that can be made inexpensively anywhere where electricity is available (Hoshi et al, Scientific Reports, in press). In this study, we produced that trap in Sabah and demonstrated its usefulness in the field. Meth-ods: With a 3D printer, the main parts of the trap - body, lid, lamp stand and collection box - were printed in Kota Kinabalu using black polylactic acid (PLA) filaments purchased online. All other parts such as the computer fan and batteries were commercially available at local shops in Sabah. The parts were assembled into the complete units at Universiti Malaysia Sabah’s Rural Medical Education Centre (RMEC) in Sikuati, Kudat. Demonstration was performed at two sites in the Kudat district: RMEC campus and the premises of a local farm in Kampung Paradason. Results: The 3D traps collected 6 and 7 different species of mosquitoes at RMEC and Paradason sites, respectively. The numbers of mosquito species collected by the commercially-available CDC model-512 traps in parallel experiments were 2 (RMEC) and 10 (Paradason). The species collected by the 3D traps included Aedes albopictus (vector transmitting Dengue virus), Anopheles barbumbrosus (malaria), Culex quinquefasciatus (Wuchereria bancrofti, avian malaria, and arboviruses including Japanese encephalitis and Zika viruses) and Mansonia indiana (Brugia malayi). Conclu-sion: The 3D light trap which was produced in Sabah demonstrated its usefulness in the field tests performed in the Kudat district. This model can be used as an alternative to the rather expensive commercial light traps to collect the vector insects transmitting mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Zika fever and filariasis.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses
Fulltext Clinical Symptoms of Arboviruses in Mexico

Ananth S, Shrestha N, Treviño C JA, Nguyen US, Haque U, Angulo-Molina A, et al.

Pathogens, 2020 Nov 19;9(11).
PMID: 33228120 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110964

Arboviruses such as Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) have emerged as a significant public health concern in Mexico. The existing literature lacks evidence regarding the dispersion of arboviruses, thereby limiting public health policy's ability to integrate the diagnosis, management, and prevention. This study seeks to reveal the clinical symptoms of CHIK, DENV, and ZIKV by age group, region, sex, and time across Mexico. The confirmed cases of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV were compiled from January 2012 to March 2020. Demographic characteristics analyzed significant clinical symptoms of confirmed cases. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between clinical symptoms and geographical regions. Females and individuals aged 15 and older had higher rates of reported significant symptoms across all three arboviruses. DENV showed a temporal variation of symptoms by regions 3 and 5, whereas ZIKV presented temporal variables in regions 2 and 4. This study revealed unique and overlapping symptoms between CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV. However, the differentiation of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV is difficult, and diagnostic facilities are not available in rural areas. There is a need for adequately trained healthcare staff alongside well-equipped lab facilities, including hematological tests and imaging facilities.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses
Alphaviruses in Peninsular Malaysia: II. Serological evidence of human infection

Marchette NJ, Rudnick A, Garcia R

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1980 Mar;11(1):14-23.
PMID: 7403943

A serum survey of several characteristic groups of humans in urban, rural, and forested areas of Peninsular Malaysia for evidence of infection with three alphaviruses (Sindbis, getah, and chikungunya) was made on 4384 specimens collected between 1965 and 1969. Analysis of the serological results indicated that 1) persons residing in predominantly rural and forested areas have higher frequencies of specific alphavirus antibody of all three viruses than persons residing in urban areas, 2) human infection with chikungunya virus appears to be at a low level of activity but is widespread, although more common and recent in the northern part of the country, and 3) Sindbis and getah viruses probably do not represent a threat to the public health, but chikungunya virus remains a potential menance and may be responsible for future epidemics transmitted by A. aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/immunology*
The distribution and prevalence of group A arbovirus neutralizing antibodies among human populations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands

Tesh RB, Gajdusek DC, Garruto RM, Cross JH, Rosen L

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1975 Jul;24(4):664-75.
PMID: 1155702

Plaque reduction neutralization tests, using five group A arboviruses (chikungunya, Ross River, Getah, Bebaru and Sindbis), were done on sera from human populations in 44 Southeast Asia and Pacific island localities. Specificity of the plaque neutralization test was determined by examining convalescent sera from patients with known alphavirus infections. Chikungunya-specific neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in sera of persons living in South Vietnam, Northern Malaysia, Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sulawesi), as well as Luzon, Marinduque, Cebu and Mindanao islands in the Philippines. Evidence of Ross River virus infection was found among populations living in West New Guinea and Papua New Guinea mainland, the Bismark Archipelago, Rossel Island and the Solomon Islands. There appeared to be no geographic overlap in the distribution of chikungunya and Ross River viruses, with the separation in their distribution corresponding with Weber's line in the Pacific. Sindbis neutralizing antibodies were found in 7 of 21 populations sampled, but in general the prevalence of infection was low. Four sera, from Vietnam, Malaysia and Mindanao gave monospecific reactions with Getah virus. No evidence of specific Bebaru virus infection was detected. The epidemiology of these five alphaviruses in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/immunology*
Fulltext Current concerns and perspectives on Zika virus co-infection with arboviruses and HIV

Rothan HA, Bidokhti MRM, Byrareddy SN

J Autoimmun, 2018 05;89:11-20.
PMID: 29352633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.01.002

Dissemination of vector-borne viruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), in tropical and sub-tropical regions has a complicated impact on the immunopathogenesis of other endemic viruses such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The consequences of the possible co-infections with these viruses have specifically shown significant impact on the treatment and vaccination strategies. ZIKV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus from African and Asian lineages that causes neurological complications in infected humans. Many of DENV and CHIKV endemic regions have been experiencing outbreaks of ZIKV infection. Intriguingly, the mosquitoes, Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus, can simultaneously transmit all the combinations of ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV to the humans. The co-circulation of these viruses leads to a complicated immune response due to the pre-existence or co-existence of ZIKV infection with DENV and CHIKV infections. The non-vector transmission of ZIKV, especially, via sexual intercourse and placenta represents an additional burden that may hander the treatment strategies of other sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. Collectively, ZIKV co-circulation and co-infection with other viruses have inevitable impact on the host immune response, diagnosis techniques, and vaccine development strategies for the control of these co-infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/physiology*
Fulltext Immunological surveys of arbovirus infections in South-East Asia, with special reference to dengue, chikungunya, and Kyasanur Forest disease

Rao TR

Bull World Health Organ, 1971;44(5):585-91.
PMID: 4400821

Serological surveys have been widely used in South-East Asia to determine the presence and activity of arboviruses. The haemagglutination-inhibition test has been most frequently employed but complement-fixation and neutralization tests have also been used in some investigations.Although virus isolations provide the most conclusive evidence, they can be carried out in a few specialized centres only, and serological surveys are very important for studying the distribution of arboviruses.The surveys have shown that group B arboviruses (principally all four types of dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile) are widely prevalent. Dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses are more widespread than West Nile virus, which was not known previously to extend east of India although recent survyes have shown that its range extends to Burma. Japanese encephalitis is frequent in most of South-East Asia but in India is found mainly in eastern and south-eastern parts of the country. Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) and Langat viruses are the only tick-borne group B arboviruses definitely known to occur in the region, the former in India, the latter in Malaysia. KFD virus has been isolated only from a small focus in Mysore, although human and animal sera containing neutralizing antibodies to this virus have been found sporadically in widely scattered areas. Among the group A arboviruses, chikungunya and Sindbis have been detected in serological surveys, but the former has not yet been found in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/immunology
Arbovirus infections in Sarawak, October 1968-February 1970: human serological studies in a land Dyak village

Bowen ET, Simpson DI, Platt GS, Way HJ, Bright WF, Day J, et al.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1975;69(2):182-6.
PMID: 809868

449 human sera collected in a Land Dyak village were tested for antibodies to 11 arboviruses. Japanese encephalitis and dengue virus antibodies were particularly prevalent. The rates of infection with these viruses were estimated to be 5-2% per annum for Japanese encephalitis, 8-8% for dengue 1 and 4-3% for dengue 2. Chikungunya virus antibodies were quite common with an annual infection rate of the order of 5% per annum. Infections with other Group A and B and Bunyamwera group viruses were generally at a low level.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/immunology
Fulltext Wolbachia strain wAu efficiently blocks arbovirus transmission in Aedes albopictus

Mancini MV, Herd CS, Ant TH, Murdochy SM, Sinkins SP

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020 Mar;14(3):e0007926.
PMID: 32155143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007926

The global incidence of arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, has increased dramatically in recent decades. The release of Aedes aegypti carrying the maternally inherited symbiont Wolbachia as an intervention to control arboviruses is being trialled in several countries. However, these efforts are compromised in many endemic regions due to the co-localization of the secondary vector Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito. Ae. albopictus has an expanding global distribution following incursions into a number of new territories. To date, only the wMel and wPip strains of Wolbachia have been reported to be transferred into and characterized in this vector. A Wolbachia strain naturally infecting Drosophila simulans, wAu, was selected for transfer into a Malaysian Ae. albopictus line to create a novel triple-strain infection. The newly generated line showed self-compatibility, moderate fitness cost and complete resistance to Zika and dengue infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Arboviruses/growth & development*

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