Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 28 in total

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  1. Quantitative Flow Cytometry-Based Assays for Measuring Constitutive Secretion
    Gordon DE, Shun-Shion AS, Asnawi AW, Peden AA
    Methods Mol Biol, 2021;2233:115-129.
    PMID: 33222131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1044-2_8
    Constitutive secretion is predominantly measured by collecting the media from cells and performing plate-based assays. This approach is particularly sensitive to changes in cell number, and a significant amount of effort has to be spent to overcome this. We have developed a panel of quantitative flow cytometry-based assays and reporter cell lines that can be used to measure constitutive secretion. These assays are insensitive to changes in cell number making them very robust and well suited to functional genomic and chemical screens. Here, we outline the key steps involved in generating and using these assays for studying constitutive secretion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions/metabolism*
  2. Fulltext The Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Virus in the Vaginal Fluid of Females With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection: Scientific Facts
    Ahmad MF, Mahakkanukrauh P, Das S
    Clin Infect Dis, 2022 Jul 06;74(12):2262-2263.
    PMID: 33085746 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1608
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  3. Fulltext Binucleation of male accessory gland cells in the common bed bug Cimex lectularius
    Takeda K, Yamauchi J, Miki A, Kim D, Leong XY, Doggett SL, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2019 04 24;9(1):6500.
    PMID: 31019205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42844-0
    The insect male accessory gland (MAG) is an internal reproductive organ responsible for the synthesis and secretion of seminal fluid components, which play a pivotal role in the male reproductive strategy. In many species of insects, the effective ejaculation of the MAG products is essential for male reproduction. For this purpose, the fruit fly Drosophila has evolved binucleation in the MAG cells, which causes high plasticity of the glandular epithelium, leading to an increase in the volume of seminal fluid that is ejaculated. However, such a binucleation strategy has only been sporadically observed in Dipteran insects, including fruit flies. Here, we report the discovery of binucleation in the MAG of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, which belongs to hemimetabolous Hemiptera phylogenetically distant from holometabolous Diptera. In Cimex, the cell morphology and timing of synchrony during binucleation are quite different from those of Drosophila. Additionally, in Drosophila, the position of the two nuclei in the adult stage changes as a result of the mating history or the nutrient conditions; however, it remains stable in Cimex. These differences suggest that binucleation in the Cimex MAG plays a unique role in the male reproductive system that is distinct from that of Drosophila.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  4. Fulltext Compilation of quranic verses (Juz 16 -30) and hadiths of Sahih Muslim related to visual function
    Siti Aishah Md Halim, Noor Ezailina Badarudin, Hasbullah Mohamad
    International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2018;2(3):417-425.
    MyJurnal
    Al Quran and Al Hadith are not book of sciences, but books of Divine guidance which can be referred to inspire in understanding things including the scientific nature of creation. This study was performed to compile the Quranic verses (Juz 16-30) and Hadith of Sahih Muslim which are related to visual function with scientifically proven facts. Five keywords were chosen based on the process of seeing which were “light”, “eye/eyes” and “sight” and the synonyms of sight which were “vision” and “see”. Search engine, Search Truth was used to help gather the verses and hadiths comprising the keywords. Cross reference with the original copy of the Holy Quran and book of Sahih Muslim was done to ensure the authenticity of the Quranic verses and hadiths. Existing scientific facts regarding the revelation were then gathered to support the findings.There were 377 Quranic verses (Juz 16-30) containing the words “light”, “eye/eyes” and “sight” (and its synonyms). Out of this, only 6 Quranic verses have relation to visual function and have been scientifically proven. For hadith of Sahih Muslim, there were 1285 hadiths containing the words “light”, “eye/eyes” and “sight” (and its synonyms). Out of 1285 hadiths only 8 hadiths of Sahih Muslim found to have relation to visual function and has scientifically proven facts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  5. A Rare Case of Pseudomembranous Tracheitis Presenting as Acute Stridor in a Patient after Extubation
    Ong HY, Ng JJ, Nadhrah MN, Shaariyah MM, Shashi G
    Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2020 Jun;58(2):130-132.
    PMID: 32783042 DOI: 10.5152/tao.2020.5095
    Pseudomembranous tracheitis is a rare life-threatening complication of endotracheal intubation. The exact mechanism of its formation is not well known, and it could mimic crusting or retained secretions in the trachea. We encountered a patient with history of recent intubation, presenting with acute stridor requiring emergency airway stabilization, and was eventually found to have pseudomembranous tracheitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  6. Fulltext Immunomodulatory potential of anti-idiotypic antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases
    Pan SY, Chia YC, Yee HR, Fang Cheng AY, Anjum CE, Kenisi Y, et al.
    Future Sci OA, 2020 Oct 29;7(2):FSO648.
    PMID: 33437514 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0142
    The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that recognises and reacts against foreign pathogens while remaining unresponsive to host tissues. This ability to self-tolerate is known as immunological tolerance. Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to differentiate between self and non-self antigens and releases autoantibodies to attack our own cells. Anti-idiotypic (anti-ID) antibodies are important in maintaining a balanced idiotypic regulatory network by neutralising and inhibiting the secretion of autoantibodies. Recently, anti-ID antibodies have been advanced as an alternative form of immunotherapy as they can specifically target autoantibodies, cause less toxicity and side effects, and could provide long-lasting immunity. This review article discusses the immunomodulatory potential of anti-ID antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  7. Biomechanics of ant adhesive pads: frictional forces are rate- and temperature-dependent
    Federle W, Baumgartner W, Hölldobler B
    J Exp Biol, 2004 Jan;207(Pt 1):67-74.
    PMID: 14638834
    Tarsal adhesive pads enable insects to hold on to smooth plant surfaces. Using a centrifuge technique, we tested whether a "wet adhesion" model of a thin film of liquid secreted between the pad and the surface can explain adhesive and frictional forces in Asian Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina). When forces are acting parallel to the surface, pads in contact with the surface can slide smoothly. Force per unit pad contact area was strongly dependent on sliding velocity and temperature. Seemingly consistent with the effect of a thin liquid film in the contact zone, (1) frictional force linearly increased with sliding velocity, (2) the increment was greater at lower temperatures and (3) no temperature dependence was detected for low-rate perpendicular detachment forces. However, we observed a strong, temperature-independent static friction that was inconsistent with a fully lubricated contact. Static friction was too large to be explained by the contribution of other (sclerotized) body parts. Moreover, the rate-specific increase of shear stress strongly exceeded predictions derived from estimates of the adhesive liquid film's thickness and viscosity. Both lines of evidence indicate that the adhesive secretion alone is insufficient to explain the observed forces and that direct interaction of the soft pad cuticle with the surface ("rubber friction") is involved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions/metabolism; Bodily Secretions/physiology*
  8. A proof of principal study on the use of direct PCR of semen and spermatozoa and development of a differential isolation protocol for use in cases of alleged sexual assault
    Tobe SS, Swaran YC, Dennany L, Sibbing U, Schulze Johann K, Welch L, et al.
    Int J Legal Med, 2017 Jan;131(1):87-94.
    PMID: 27832353 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1461-x
    Sexual assault samples are some of the most common samples encountered in forensic analysis. These samples can require a significant time investment due to differential extraction processes. We report on the first record of successful direct amplification of semen for STR analysis. Neat seminal fluid, dilutions ranging from 1:5 to 1:160 and GEDNAP samples were successfully amplified using a direct method. A mild differential isolation technique to enrich spermatozoa was developed and successfully implemented to separate and directly amplify a mixture of semen and female epithelial cells. Aliquots of samples subjected to the differential isolation protocol were stained with Haemotoxylin and Eosin for sperm scoring. Samples stained after PCR showed a complete lack of intact spermatozoa demonstrating that the cells are lysed during the PCR process. This paper demonstrates the potential to incorporate direct PCR in cases of sexual assault to more rapidly obtain results and achieve a higher sensitivity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  9. Fulltext Genome-Wide Analysis of Targets for Post-Transcriptional Regulation by Rsm Proteins in Pseudomonas putida
    Huertas-Rosales Ó, Romero M, Chan KG, Hong KW, Cámara M, Heeb S, et al.
    Front Mol Biosci, 2021;8:624061.
    PMID: 33693029 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.624061
    Post-transcriptional regulation is an important step in the control of bacterial gene expression in response to environmental and cellular signals. Pseudomonas putida KT2440 harbors three known members of the CsrA/RsmA family of post-transcriptional regulators: RsmA, RsmE and RsmI. We have carried out a global analysis to identify RNA sequences bound in vivo by each of these proteins. Affinity purification and sequencing of RNA molecules associated with Rsm proteins were used to discover direct binding targets, corresponding to 437 unique RNA molecules, 75 of them being common to the three proteins. Relevant targets include genes encoding proteins involved in signal transduction and regulation, metabolism, transport and secretion, stress responses, and the turnover of the intracellular second messenger c-di-GMP. To our knowledge, this is the first combined global analysis in a bacterium harboring three Rsm homologs. It offers a broad overview of the network of processes subjected to this type of regulation and opens the way to define what are the sequence and structure determinants that define common or differential recognition of specific RNA molecules by these proteins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  10. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene rs7946 polymorphism plays a role in risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from meta-analysis
    Tan HL, Mohamed R, Mohamed Z, Zain SM
    Pharmacogenet Genomics, 2016 Feb;26(2):88-95.
    PMID: 26636496 DOI: 10.1097/FPC.0000000000000193
    Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) governs the secretion of hepatic triglycerides in the form of very low-density lipoprotein and has been implicated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies on the role of the PEMT rs7946 polymorphism as a genetic modifier of NAFLD have reported inconsistent results. This meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate and summarize the association of PEMT rs7946 with susceptibility to NAFLD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  11. Ultrastructure of head organs (anterior adhesive apparatus) and posterior secretory systems of Caballeria liewi Lim, 1995 (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae)
    Wong WL, Brennan GP, Halton DW, Maule AG, Lim LH
    Parasitol Res, 2014 Nov;113(11):3935-46.
    PMID: 25098344 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4057-8
    Caballeria liewi Lim, 1995, uses adhesive secretions from the head organs and posterior secretory systems to assist in locomotion and attachment. Ultrastructural investigations show that the head organs of C. liewi consist of three pairs of antero-lateral pit-like openings bearing microvilli and ducts leading from two types of uninucleated gland cells (located lateral to the pharynx), one type producing rod-like (S1) bodies with an electron-dense matrix containing less electron-dense vesicles and the second type producing oval (S2) bodies with a homogeneous electron-dense matrix. Interlinking band-like structures are observed between S1 bodies and between S2 bodies. S1 body is synthesised in the granular endoplasmic reticulum, transported to a Golgi complex to be packaged into vesicles and routed into ducts for exudation. The synthesis of the S2 body is unresolved. Haptoral secretions manifested externally as net-like structures are derived from dual electron-dense (DED) secretory body produced in the peduncular gland cells. The DED body consists of a less electron-dense oval core in a homogeneous electron-dense matrix. On exocytosis into the pyriform haptoral reservoir, DED bodies are transformed into a secretion with two types of inclusions (less electron-dense oval and electron-dense spherical inclusions) in an electron-dense matrix. The secretions are further transformed (as small, oval, electron-dense bodies) when transported to the superficial anchor grooves, and on exudation into the gill tissues, the secretions become an electron-dense matrix. Secretory bodies associated with uniciliated structures, anchor sleeves and marginal hooks are also observed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  12. Fulltext The invisible evil twin of an adrenal adenoma
    Aimi Fadilah M, Fatimah MS, Nor Aisyah Z, Nur’Aini EW, Nazimah AM, Effat O, et al.
    Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2019;4(1):58-63.
    MyJurnal
    Primary aldosteronism (PA) causes a persistently elevated blood pressure (BP) due to
    excessive release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands. Classically, it is called
    Conn’s syndrome and is described as the triad of hypertension and hypokalemia with the
    presence of unilateral adrenal adenoma. It can be cured with surgical resection of the
    aldosterone-secreting adenoma leading to resolution of hypertension, hypokalemia and
    increased cardiovascular risk associated with hyperaldosteronism. We present a case of a man
    with previous ischemic heart disease (IHD) who presented with resistant hypertension.
    Investigations for secondary causes of hypertension revealed an elevated aldosterone level
    and saline suppression test confirmed the diagnosis of PA. Radiological examination revealed
    a left adrenal adenoma and a normal right adrenal gland. However, adrenal venous sampling
    showed lateralization of aldosterone secretion towards the right. He subsequently underwent
    a laparoscopic right adrenalectomy which improved his BP control promptly. This case
    highlights the importance of recognizing the need to investigate for secondary causes of
    hypertension. It also underscores the importance of dynamic tests, which may not be easily
    accessible to most clinicians but should pursue, to allow a definitive diagnosis and effective
    treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  13. Accelerated wound closure - Systematic evaluation of cellulose acetate effects on biologically active molecules release from amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs)
    Nuge T, Liu X, Tshai KY, Lim SS, Nordin N, Hoque ME, et al.
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Apr 07.
    PMID: 33826152 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2162
    Despite a lot of intensive research on cells-scaffolds interaction, focused are mainly on the capacity of construct scaffolds to regulate cell mobility, migration and cytotoxicity. The effect of the scaffold's topographical and material properties on the expression of biologically active compounds from stem cells is not well understood. In this study, the influence of cellulose acetate (CA) on the electrospinnability of gelatin and the roles of gelatin-cellulose acetate (Ge-CA) on modulating the release of biologically active compounds from amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) is emphasized. It was found that the presence of a small amount of CA could provide a better microenvironment that mimics AFSCs' niche. However, a large amount of CA exhibited no significant effect on AFSCs migration and infiltration. Further study on the effect of surface topography and mechanical properties on AFSCs showed that the tailored microenvironment provided by the Ge-CA scaffolds had transduced physical cues to biomolecules released into the culture media. It was found that the AFSCs seeded on electrospun scaffolds with less CA proportions has profound effects on the secretion of metabolic compounds compared to those with higher CA contained and gelatin coating. The enhanced secretion of biologically active molecules by the AFSCs on the electrospun scaffolds was proven by the accelerated wound closure on the injured human dermal fibroblast (HDF) model. The rapid HDF cell migration could be anticipated due to a higher level of paracrine factors in AFSCs media. Our study demonstrates that the fibrous topography and mechanical properties of the scaffold is a key material property that modulates the high expression of biologically active compounds from the AFSCs. The discovery elucidates a new aspect of material functions and scaffolds material-AFSCs interaction for regulating biomolecules release to promote tissue regeneration/repair. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the scaffolds material-AFSCs interaction and the efficacy of scratch assays on quantifying the cell migration in response to the AFSCs metabolic products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  14. Influence of Culture Conditions and Medium Compositions on the Production of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances by Lactococcus lactis Gh1
    Jawan R, Abbasiliasi S, Tan JS, Mustafa S, Halim M, Ariff AB
    Microorganisms, 2020 Sep 23;8(10).
    PMID: 32977375 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101454
    Antibacterial peptides or bacteriocins produced by many strains of lactic acid bacteria have been used as food preservatives for many years without any known adverse effects. Bacteriocin titres can be modified by altering the physiological and nutritional factors of the producing bacterium to improve the production in terms of yield and productivity. The effects of culture conditions (initial pH, inoculum age and inoculum size) and medium compositions (organic and inorganic nitrogen sources; carbon sources) were assessed for the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) by Lactococcus lactis Gh1 in shake flask cultures. An inoculum of the mid-exponential phase culture at 1% (v/v) was the optimal age and size, while initial pH of culture media at alkaline and acidic state did not show a significant impact on BLIS secretion. Organic nitrogen sources were more favourable for BLIS production compared to inorganic sources. Production of BLIS by L. lactis Gh1 in soytone was 1.28-times higher as compared to that of organic nitrogen sources ((NH4)2SO4). The highest cell concentration (XmX = 0.69 ± 0.026 g·L-1) and specific growth rate (μmax = 0.14 h-1) were also observed in cultivation using soytone. By replacing carbon sources with fructose, BLIS production was increased up to 34.94% compared to BHI medium, which gave the biomass cell concentration and specific growth rate of 0.66 ± 0.002 g·L-1 and 0.11 h-1, respectively. It can be concluded that the fermentation factors have pronounced influences on the growth of L. lactis Gh1 and BLIS production. Results from this study could be used for subsequent application in process design and optimisation for improving BLIS production by L. lactis Gh1 at larger scale.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  15. Fulltext Type 2 diabetes remission: How does it work?
    Ahmad Fuat MS, Mohd Zin F, Mat Yudin Z
    Malays Fam Physician, 2021 Mar 25;16(1):124-128.
    PMID: 33948152 DOI: 10.51866/cr1026
    Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) is a chronic disease which rise is closely linked to the obesity epidemic and which requires long-term medical attention to limit the development of its wide-ranged complications. Many of these complications arise from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. The increasing evidence of its remission state has been discussed in the literature. Here we report on a patient with metabolic syndrome who underwent a structured therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) therapy which eventually led to remission of Type 2 DM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  16. Effect of trans-resveratrol on dexamethasone-induced changes in the expression of MMPs by human trabecular meshwork cells: Involvement of adenosine A1 receptors and NFkB
    Mohd Nasir NA, Agarwal R, Krasilnikova A, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Iezhitsa I
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2020 Nov 15;887:173431.
    PMID: 32758568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173431
    Intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering in glaucomatous eyes is currently achieved mainly by improved aqueous outflow via alternate drainage pathways. However, the focus is now shifting to trabecular meshwork (TM), the site or major pathological changes including increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and reduced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion by TM cells. Trans-resveratrol was previously shown to lower IOP and reduce ECM deposition; however, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Therefore, we determined the effect of trans-resveratrol on MMP-2 and -9 expression by human TM cells (HTMCs) in the presence of dexamethasone and whether it also affects adenosine A1 receptors (A1AR) expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activation. We observed that trans-resveratrol, 12.5 μM, increased MMP-2 and -9 protein expression by HTMCs despite exposure to dexamethasone (1.89- and 1.53-fold, respectively; P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  17. Fulltext Data for proteome analysis of Bacillus lehensis G1 in starch-containing medium
    Ling HL, Rahmat Z, Murad AMA, Mahadi NM, Illias RM
    Data Brief, 2017 Oct;14:35-40.
    PMID: 28761915 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.07.026
    Bacillus lehensis G1 is a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) producer, which can degrade starch into cyclodextrin. Here, we present the proteomics data of B. lehensis cultured in starch-containing medium, which is related to the article "Proteome-based identification of signal peptides for improved secretion of recombinant cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase in Escherichia coli" (Ling et. al, in press). This dataset was generated to better understand the secretion of proteins involved in starch utilization for bacterial sustained growth. A 2-DE proteomic technique was used and the proteins were tryptically digested followed by detection using MALDI-TOF/TOF. Proteins were classified into functional groups using the information available in SubtiList webserver (http://genolist.pasteur.fr/SubtiList/).
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  18. Dengue Encephalitis associated with symptomatic hyponatremia due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
    Ng WW, Cheong BMK
    Med J Malaysia, 2021 03;76(2):261-263.
    PMID: 33742642
    A previously well 21-year-old girl presented to Hospital Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia with a short history of fever, vomiting and altered sensorium. She was diagnosed with dengue encephalitis as her dengue NS-1 antigen was positive and her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dengue polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive with serotype DENV-2. She also had severe hyponatremia due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) which caused an episode of seizure. She recovered well with supportive management. SIADH and dengue encephalitis should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with fever and altered sensorium especially in dengue endemic countries like Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  19. Fulltext Lung-infiltrating T helper 17 cells as the major source of interleukin-17A production during pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection
    Movahed E, Cheok YY, Tan GMY, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Velayuthan RD, et al.
    BMC Immunol, 2018 Nov 08;19(1):32.
    PMID: 30409128 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0269-5
    BACKGROUND: IL-17A has emerged as a key player in the pathologies of inflammation, autoimmune disease, and immunity to microbes since its discovery two decades ago. In this study, we aim to elucidate the activity of IL-17A in the protection against Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis among AIDS patients. For this purpose, we examined if C. neoformans infection triggers IL-17A secretion in vivo using wildtype C57BL/6 mice. In addition, an enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporter and a knockout (KO) mouse models were used to track the source of IL-17A secretion and explore the protective function of IL-17A, respectively.

    RESULTS: Our findings showed that in vivo model of C. neoformans infection demonstrated induction of abundant IL-17A secretion. By examining the lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), mediastinal lymph node (mLN) and spleen of the IL-17A-EGFP reporter mice, we showed that intranasal inoculation with C. neoformans promoted leukocytes lung infiltration. A large proportion (~ 50%) of the infiltrated CD4+ helper T cell population secreted EGFP, indicating vigorous TH17 activity in the C. neoformans-infected lung. The infection study in IL-17A-KO mice, on the other hand, revealed that absence of IL-17A marginally boosted fungal burden in the lung and accelerated the mouse death.

    CONCLUSION: Therefore, our data suggest that IL-17A is released predominantly from TH17 cells in vivo, which plays a supporting role in the protective immunity against C. neoformans infection.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
  20. Fulltext Monitoring T Cells Responses Mounted by Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
    Lim KP, Zainal NS
    Front Mol Biosci, 2021;8:623475.
    PMID: 33937323 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.623475
    With the regulatory approval of Provenge and Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and advanced melanoma respectively, and other promising clinical trials outcomes, cancer vaccine is gaining prominence as a cancer therapeutic agent. Cancer vaccine works to induce T cell priming, expansion, and infiltration resulting in antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Such an approach that can drive cytotoxicity within the tumor could complement the success of checkpoint inhibitors as tumors shown to have high immune cell infiltration are those that would respond well to these antibodies. With the advancements in cancer vaccine, methods to monitor and understand how cancer vaccines modify the immune milieu is under rapid development. This includes using ELISpot and intracellular staining to detect cytokine secretion by activated T cells; tetramer and CyTOF to quantitate the level of antigen specific T cells; proliferation and cell killing assay to detect the expansion of T cell and specific killing activity. More recently, T cell profiling has provided unprecedented detail on immune cell subsets and providing clues to the mechanism involved in immune activation. Here, we reviewed cancer vaccines currently in clinical trials and highlight available techniques in monitoring the clinical response in patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bodily Secretions
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