Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 22 in total

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  1. Mawardi M, Hussin P
    Malays Fam Physician, 2018;13(3):38-39.
    PMID: 30800233
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
  2. Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S
    Int J Med Sci, 2013;10(12):1778-83.
    PMID: 24273451 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6765
    Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) has emerged as a convenient and popular screening tool for osteoporosis. This review aimed to provide basic information on the principle of QUS measurement and discuss the properties of bone reflected by QUS indices. QUS employed high frequency sound waves generated by the device to determine bone health status in humans. In vitro studies showed that QUS indices were significantly associated with bone mineral density (BMD), bone microarchitecture and mechanical parameters. In humans, QUS indices were found to be associated with BMD as well. In addition, QUS could discriminate subjects with and without fracture history and predict risk for future fracture. In conclusion, QUS is able to reflect bone quality and should be used in the screening of osteoporosis, especially in developing countries where dual-X-ray absorptiometry devices are less accessible to the general population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/radiography; Calcaneus/ultrasonography
  3. Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Mohamed IN, Mohamed N, Shuid AN, Muhammad N, et al.
    J Clin Densitom, 2013 Apr-Jun;16(2):189-95.
    PMID: 22572528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2012.03.004
    The local normative value in quantitative ultrasound (QUS) equipment needs to be established for wider application and accurate classification of patients into respective fracture risk groups. The present study aimed to establish the calcaneal speed of sound (SOS) value for Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia and determine the difference between calcaneal SOS of the local population and the reference values provided by the manufacturer for each age group. This study will also determine the effect of using the manufacturer's young adult (20-29yr) reference or the local young adult reference to classify the subjects into the respective risk groups. Eight hundred forty Malay and Chinese men residing in central peninsular Malaysia were recruited and their calcaneal QUS value was determined using the CM-200 machine (Furuno Electric, Nishinomiya City, Japan). The results showed that the differences in SOS values between Chinese and Malay men were not significant across all the age groups studied (p>0.05). The age-dependent reduction of SOS value assumed a biphasic form, which was evident at 30-39yr and older than 60yr. The calcaneal SOS of the subject under study was significantly higher as compared with the manufacturer's reference (based on Japanese population) in all groups aged 40yr and older (p<0.05). A significant proportion of the subjects in the osteoporosis group was misclassified using the manufacturer's young adult reference as compared with using the local young adult reference (p<0.05). In conclusion, the overall normative value of SOS obtained was suitable for Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia, and a local reference value should be applied to avoid misclassification of subjects into the respective risk groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/physiology*; Calcaneus/ultrasonography*
  4. Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Mohamed IN, Ibrahim S, Wan Ngah WZ
    Arch Osteoporos, 2012;7:135-45.
    PMID: 23225291 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-012-0091-2
    The influences of age, physical activity, and body anthropometry on calcaneal speed of sound are different among young adults, middle-aged, and elderly men.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/physiology*; Calcaneus/ultrasonography*
  5. Gwani AS, Asari MA, Mohd Ismail ZI
    Folia Morphol (Warsz), 2017;76(4):682-688.
    PMID: 28553850 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2017.0049
    BACKGROUND: The foot is composed of medial, lateral and transverse arches which, particularly the medial arch, provide it with the ability to function both as a flexible and rigid structure for proper locomotion. Arches of the foot, as well as their effect on lower extremity function, have been studied. However, quantitative data on the relationship between these arches still remain scanty. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine how the three arches of the foot intercorrelate.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-six participants (58 males, 18 females) were recruited to participate in the study. Bilateral weight-bearing lateral radiographs of the right foot were taken from each participant. Navicular heights (NH), medial cuneiform height (MCH), calcaneal inclination angle (CIA) and calcaneal-first metatarsal angle (C1MA) were measured to represent the medial arch. The lateral arch was represented by cuboid height (CH) and calcaneal-fifth metatarsal angle (C5MA) whereas; MCH and CH represented the transverse arch. Mean difference of variables between males and females was compared using independent t-test while the correlation between the variables was determined using Pearson correlation.

    RESULTS: All the variables were not significantly related to gender. Significant moderate to excellent linear correlations were observed between the variables. CIA showed the strongest correlation with C1MA (r = -0.90) and C5MA (r = -0.84) whereas, CH had the least correlation with other variables.

    CONCLUSIONS: The moderate to excellent correlations between the variables indicate that deformation or elevation of the medial arch may consequently result in similar movements of the lateral and transverse arches and vice versa.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
  6. Wong, H.Y., Vivek, A.S., To, BC Se
    Malays Orthop J, 2008;2(1):28-32.
    MyJurnal
    Int roduction: Treatment of calcaneal fracture is still controversial and indication for surgery is not well
    established. We are reporting the mid term outcome of calcanel fractures treated conservatively. Material and Methods: Patients admitted with calcaneal fractures from 1st November 2002 till 31st December 2004 and were treated conservatively were included in this study. The fractures were grouped according to Essex-Lopresti classification and their outcomes were assessed with the Maryland foot score. We also looked at time to weight bearing and returning to occupational activity. Results: Forty-four patients were included for evaluation. Patients with extraarticular calcaneal fractures had significantly higher rating scores compared to those with intraarticular fractures (98.2 and 88.8 respectively, with a p value = 0.0001). Generally, both group of patients had a good clinical outcome. 18 of the 44 patients (41%) started partial weight bearing before or at 6 weeks and 31 patients (72%) were able to start full weight bearing by 12 weeks. 31 patients (72%) were back to work 12 weeks after the injury. Conclusion: Conservative management for calcaneal fractures is an acceptable mode of treatment with satisfactory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
  7. Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Mohamed IN, Aminuddin A, Johari MH, Ngah WZ
    Int J Med Sci, 2013;10(7):857-63.
    PMID: 23781131 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5870
    Recent studies revealed a novel association between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and bone health status in healthy male populations. The present study aimed to validate this association and provide new information on the relationship between TSH levels and calcaneal speed of sound (SOS) in men.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/anatomy & histology
  8. Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Isa Naina M, Norazlina M, Ahmad Nazrun S, Norliza M, et al.
    J Clin Densitom, 2012 Jan-Mar;15(1):86-91.
    PMID: 22169197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2011.09.004
    Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a relatively easy, reliable, and safe method for bone status assessment, but reference data for Asian males remain scarce. Our study aimed to determine the values for one QUS parameter, the speed of sound (SOS) at the calcaneus, in Malaysian Chinese men and to determine the association between the SOS and several demographic characteristics, such as age, weight, height, and body mass index. Three hundred forty-eight Malaysian Chinese men aged 40 yr and older were recruited, and their calcaneal QUS value was determined using the CM-200 densitometer (Furuno Electric, Nishinomiya City, Japan). The results indicated a significant correlation between SOS and age, and multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that age and height were important predictors of SOS. A significant reduction in SOS value was observed when men 60 yr and older were compared with men aged 40-49 yr. Compared with the reference data for Japanese males, Chinese men in Malaysia showed higher SOS values across all the age groups studied. In conclusion, there is an age-related decrease in SOS values in Malaysian Chinese men, and the SOS values established in this study can be used as a reference for future studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/ultrasonography*
  9. Chin KY, Wan Ngah WZ, Ima-Nirwana S
    PMID: 27231930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060531
    Male osteoporosis in Malaysia is a largely neglected problem. Therefore, a bone health study in men using quantitative ultrasonometry was launched as part of the Malaysian Aging Men Study in 2009-2012. This review aimed to summarize the findings of the aforementioned bone health study. The study examined the bone health of Chinese and Malaysian men aged 20 years and above living in Kuala Lumpur using a quantitative ultrasound device. Participants answered a questionnaire on their demographic details and physical activity status. Body anthropometry of the participants was measured and their blood collected for biochemical analysis. Results showed that a significant proportion of the Malaysian Chinese and Malay men had suboptimal bone health indicated by calcaneal speed of sound and vitamin D status. Age-related decline of the calcaneal speed of sound in these men was gradual and biphasic without ethnic difference. Body anthropometry such as height, weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage contributed to the variation of the calcaneal speed of sound in Malaysian men. Age-related changes in testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and thyroid stimulating hormone also influenced the calcaneal speed of sound in these men. This study serves as a reminder that male osteoporosis in Malaysia should be an issue of concern. It is also a basis for a more comprehensive study on bone health in men in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/physiology*
  10. Ramlee MH, Sulong MA, Garcia-Nieto E, Penaranda DA, Felip AR, Kadir MRA
    Med Biol Eng Comput, 2018 Oct;56(10):1925-1938.
    PMID: 29679256 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1830-3
    Pilon fractures can be caused by high-energy vertical forces which may result in long-term patient immobilization. Many experts in orthopedic surgery recommend the use of a Delta external fixator for type III Pilon fracture treatment. This device can promote immediate healing of fractured bone, minimizing the rate of complications as well as allowing early mobilization. The characteristics of different types of the Delta frame have not been demonstrated yet. By using the finite element method, this study was conducted to determine the biomechanical characteristics of six different configurations (Model 1 until Model 6). CT images from the lower limb of a healthy human were used to reconstruct three-dimensional models of foot and ankle bones. All bones were assigned with isotropic material properties and the cartilages were assigned to exhibit hyperelasticity. A linear link was used to simulate 37 ligaments at the ankle joint. Axial loads of 70 and 350 N were applied at the proximal tibia to simulate the stance and swing phase. The metatarsals and calcaneus were fixed distally in order to prevent rigid body motion. A synthetic ankle bone was used to validate the finite element model. The simulated results showed that Delta3 produced the highest relative micromovement (0.09 mm, 7 μm) during the stance and swing phase, respectively. The highest equivalent von Mises stress was found at the calcaneus pin of the Delta4 (423.2 MPa) as compared to others. In conclusion, Delta1 external fixator was the most favorable option for type III Pilon fracture treatment. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/physiopathology
  11. Langat AS, Wan Sulaiman WA, Mat Johar SFN
    Cureus, 2021 Mar 19;13(3):e13987.
    PMID: 33884238 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13987
    The heel of the foot is covered by highly specialized thick, glabrous skin containing fibroadipose tissue with numerous fibrous septae traversing the subcutaneous tissue, which acts as a shock-absorbent and prevents shearing of the skin. The loss of heel pad would cause interruption of the propelling function of the foot during walking. Therefore, heel pad reconstruction is an important procedure for wound closure in the acute phase and also functional reconstruction in delayed cases. We report a case of heel pad deformity in a patient who presented to us with left heel pain and inability to fully bear weight, which has caused her walking difficulty, following a road traffic accident. She sustained a degloving injury of the left foot and an open fracture of left calcaneum with ruptured Tendon Achilles in which the wound was initially addressed with failed reverse sural flap and the wound was allowed to heal by secondary intention. Delayed heel reconstruction was carried out with a propeller medial plantar flap and split skin graft. Postoperatively, the patient had improved functional and esthetic outcome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
  12. Muhamad Effendi F, Ibrahim MI, Rozali KN, Miswan MF
    Malays Fam Physician, 2016;11(2-3):20-23.
    PMID: 28461854 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Heel pain is a common presentation at a primary care setting. The majority of these cases are benign and self limiting in nature. Common differential diagnoses include plantar fasciitis and peroneal muscle sprains. However, certain conditions-if undetected early-may cause significant morbidity to the patient. A high index of suspicion and early referral for further investigations are needed to prevent long-term morbidities.

    METHODS: A clinical review of a patient with chronic left heel pain was performed. Blood parameters and imaging investigations indicated chronic infection of the calcaneum. Histopathological examination was highly suggestive of tuberculosis.

    RESULT: The patient responded well to antituberculous therapy. She was pain free and showed no signs of recurrence at final follow-up.

    CONCLUSION: Here, we report a case of chronic heel pain, which was later diagnosed as tuberculosis of the calcaneum and successfully treated with antituberculous therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
  13. Nawfar SA, Chan KL, Idham HM, Izani IM, Nahulan T
    Malays Orthop J, 2015 Nov;9(3):8-16.
    PMID: 28611903 MyJurnal DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1511.001
    INTRODUCTION: Calcaneal fractures are caused by high energy trauma and mostly are intra-articular fractures. Nondisplaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture (IACF) can be treated non-operatively. However, displaced intra-articular need to be reduced and fixed anatomically to facilitate early ankle rehabilitation and minimize functional impairment. This study was done to find out the outcome of the IACF patients who underwent operative treatment.

    METHODS: 62 patients with IACF were selected in this study and had been followed up from June 2009 to May 2013. They were placed into two groups; the operative treated and non-operative treated groups. Bilateral ankle lateral view plain radiographs were taken for comparison of the Bohler and Gissane angles. Both groups of patients were assessed by the Maryland Foot Score (MFS) and the SF-36v2 general health survey questionnaire. The ability of the patients to perform activity of daily living (ADL) and /or return to work (RTW) was assessed as well.

    RESULTS: The operative treatment group of displaced IACF patients achieved no significant better scores in the mean MFS and SF-36v2 mean scores as compared to non operated cases. There was no difference in RTW between the 2 groups, but earlier ADL was recorded in the operated group. However, this study had found 5 associated factors which causes major effect to the patients' outcome to treatment.

    CONCLUSIONS: The patient's compliance with post-operative rehabilitation regimen were found to be significantly related with the outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
  14. Bulut G, Colak I, Mik G, Kilic Z, Tasdemir Z
    Malays Orthop J, 2018 Jul;12(2):47-51.
    PMID: 30112129 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1807.009
    An 18-year old male patient, with a history of paragliding accident, sustaining a coronal shear fracture of the body of the talus, an anterior process fracture of the calcaneus extending to the calcaneocuboid joint and a nondisplaced navicular body fracture at the right foot and a displaced fracture of the navicular body accompanied with posteromedial process fracture of the talus at the left side was referred to our emergency clinic. For the right foot, the coronal plane fracture of the talar body was anatomically reduced and fixed with screws. For the left foot, screw fixation was performed through the lateral aspect to fix the large posteromedial fragment. Small bone fragments were removed from the left navicular fracture, and the main fragments were also fixed with screw. The talo-navicular joint was stabilised with a Kirschner wire. At 36 months follow-up, bilateral foot and ankle functions were satisfactory, Maryland scores of the right and left foot were 85 (good) and 90 (excellent), respectively, and the patient regained his full activity level by the 5th month postoperatively. With reference to the number and types of fractures in this one patient, we present a standard protocol for treatment of isolated talus, navicular and calcaneal fractures presenting together in a single foot injury.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
  15. Suriawati AA, Majid HA, Al-Sadat N, Mohamed MN, Jalaludin MY
    Nutrients, 2016 Oct 24;8(10).
    PMID: 27783041
    BACKGROUND: Dietary calcium and vitamin D are essential for bone development. Apart from diet, physical activity may potentially improve and sustain bone health.

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, physical activity, and bone mineral content (BMC) in 13-year-old Malaysian adolescents.

    DESIGN: Cross-sectional.

    SETTING: Selected public secondary schools from the central and northern regions of Peninsular Malaysia.

    PARTICIPANTS: The subjects were from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team Cohort study (MyHeARTs).

    METHODS: The data included seven-day diet histories, anthropometric measurements, and the BMC of calcaneal bone using a portable broadband ultrasound bone densitometer. Nutritionist Pro software was used to calculate the dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes from the diet histories, based on the Nutrient Composition of Malaysian Food Database guidance for the dietary calcium intake and the Singapore Energy and Nutrient Composition of Food Database for vitamin D intake.

    RESULTS: A total of 289 adolescents (65.7% females) were recruited. The average dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D were 377 ± 12 mg/day and 2.51 ± 0.12 µg/day, respectively, with the majority of subjects failing to meet the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of Malaysia for dietary calcium and vitamin D. All the subjects had a normal Z-score for the BMC (-2.00 or higher) with a mean of 0.55 ± 0.01. From the statistical analysis of the factors contributing to BMC, it was found that for those subjects with a higher intake of vitamin D, a higher combination of the intake of vitamin D and calcium resulted in significantly higher BMC quartiles. The regression analysis showed that the BMC might have been influenced by the vitamin D intake.

    CONCLUSIONS: A combination of the intake of vitamin D and calcium is positively associated with the BMC.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/physiology
  16. Retrouvey H, Silvanathan J, Bleakney RR, Anastakis DJ
    J Foot Ankle Surg, 2018 01 05;57(3):587-592.
    PMID: 29307741 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.10.004
    We report the first case of distal posterior tibial nerve injury after arthroscopic calcaneoplasty. A 59-year-old male had undergone right arthroscopic calcaneoplasty to treat retrocalcaneal bursitis secondary to a Haglund's deformity. The patient complained of numbness in his right foot immediately after the procedure. Two years later and after numerous assessments and investigations, a lateral plantar nerve and medial calcaneal nerve lesion was diagnosed. In the operating room, the presence of an iatrogenic lesion to the distal right lateral plantar nerve (neuroma incontinuity involving 20% of the nerve) and the medial calcaneal nerve (complete avulsion) was confirmed. The tarsal tunnel was decompressed, and both the medial and the lateral plantar nerve were neurolyzed under magnification. To the best of our knowledge, our case report is the first to describe iatrogenic posterior tibial nerve injury after arthroscopic calcaneoplasty. It is significant because this complication can hopefully be avoided in the future with careful planning and creation of arthroscopic ports and treated appropriately with early referral to a nerve specialist if the patient's symptoms do not improve within 3 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/surgery*
  17. Yeap EJ, Rao J, Pan CH, Soelar SA, Younger ASE
    Foot Ankle Surg, 2016 Sep;22(3):164-169.
    PMID: 27502224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2015.06.008
    BACKGROUND: This study compares the outcomes of calcaneal fracture surgery after open reduction internal fixation and plating (ORIF) versus arthroscopic assisted percutaneous screw fixation (APSF).

    METHODS: Group I (N=12) underwent ORIF. Group II (N=15) underwent APSF. Anthropometric data, pre and post-operative stay, complications and duration off work were recorded in this retrospective case cohort study. Radiographs were analyzed for Bohler's, Gissane's angle and Sanders' classification. AOFAS Hindfoot and SF 36 scores were collected at final follow-up.

    RESULTS: Anthropometric data, Bohler's and Gissane's angles, AOFAS and SF 36 scores were not significantly different. Pre-operative duration was 12.3 days in ORIF and 6.9 days in APSF. Post-operative duration was 7.3 days vs 3.8 days. Duration off work was 6.2 months vs 2.9 months.

    CONCLUSION: The APSF group was able to have surgery earlier, go home faster, and return to work earlier. This study was not powered to demonstrate a difference in wound complication rates.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/injuries; Calcaneus/surgery
  18. Sies NS, Zaini AA, de Bruyne JA, Jalaludin MY, Nathan AM, Han NY, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2021 02 04;11(1):3193.
    PMID: 33542317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82605-6
    Repetitive hypoxia seen in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) may affect bone metabolism increasing the risk for secondary osteoporosis. This study investigates the association between OSAS in children and secondary osteoporosis. This cross-sectional study included 150 children aged 10-17 years: 86 with OSAS and 64 with no OSAS. OSAS was confirmed by polysomnography. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of calcaneum measuring speed of sound (SoS) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) were collected. Other parameters collected including bone profile, vitamin D levels, physical activity scoring and dietary calcium intake. Majority were male and Malay ethnicity. OSAS children were mostly obese (84%) and 57% had moderate to severe OSAS. Most had lower physical activities scores. Mean (SD) phosphate and Alkaline phosphatase were lower in OSA children compared to controls: PO4, p = 0.039 and ALP, p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/metabolism; Calcaneus/pathology
  19. Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Mohamed IN, Ngah WZ
    Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2012 Aug;67(8):911-6.
    PMID: 22948459
    OBJECTIVES: Variations in sex hormones and the calcium balance can influence bone health in men. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the calcaneal speed of sound and biochemical determinants of bone mass, such as sex hormones, parathyroid hormones and serum calcium.

    METHODS: Data from 549 subjects from the Malaysian Aging Male Study, which included Malay and Chinese men aged 20 years and older residing in the Klang Valley, were used for analysis. The subjects' calcaneal speed of sound was measured, and their blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Two sets of multiple regression models were generated for the total/bioavailable testosterone and estradiol to avoid multicollinearity.

    RESULTS: The multiple regression results revealed that bioavailable testosterone and serum total calcium were significant predictors of the calcaneal speed of sound in the adjusted model. After adjustment for ethnicity and body mass index, only bioavailable testosterone remained significant; the total serum calcium was marginally insignificant. In a separate model, the total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin were significant predictors, whereas the total serum calcium was marginally insignificant. After adjustment for ethnicity and body mass index (BMI), the significance persisted for total testosterone and SHBG. After further adjustment for age, none of the serum biochemical determinants was a significant predictor of the calcaneal speed of sound.

    CONCLUSION: There is a significant age-dependent relationship between the calcaneal speed of sound and total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia. The relationship between total serum calcium and calcaneal speed of sound is ethnicity-dependent.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus/physiology*
  20. Mohd Khalid SA, Bajuri MY
    Malays Fam Physician, 2019;14(3):80-83.
    PMID: 32175048
    The injection of a local anesthetic in combination with a corticosteroid is an accepted choice in the treatment of plantar fasciitis with recalcitrant heel pain. When the injection is performed properly, post-injection infection is extremely rare. We are reporting a rare case of chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis that developed secondary to a local corticosteroid injection. A 56-year-old lady diagnosed with right plantar fasciitis presented with a 6-month history of pain and a persistent sinus with serous discharge of her right heel following a local infiltration of a corticosteroid. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging demonstrated right calcaneal osteomyelitis with intramuscular abscess. Surgical drainage and debridement were done, followed by antibiotic therapy. A recurrence of infection was not detected throughout the duration of follow-up. It is suggested that a plantar heel injection be done in a more controlled environment, such as in operating theatre, to reduce the risk of infection and to avoid injecting a steroid as compared to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in view of their safety profiles. However, such an injection should only be offered after conservative treatment has failed, as 80% of patients recover well after initial conservative management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcaneus
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