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Fulltext Cardiovascular endurance fitness performance among Kedah Rugby Agong Cup’s players based on 20-meter multistage shuttle run pacer test

Syed Ahmad Ezahar Syed Ambon, Mohd. Foazi Md Nor, Syed Idrus Syed Mudayah, Junaidy Mohamad Hashim

Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 2017;6(2):55-64.
MyJurnal

The study was conducted to determine the level of cardiovascular performance for Kedah team rugby players who will participate in the national Agong Cup's rugby championship. The test instrument used was the 20-meter multistage shuttle run pacer test. The total sample of the study was 40 (n = 40) consisted of players between the ages of 19 and 39. Assessment of cardiovascular endurance levels can be performed with measurements of VO2max (ml • kg-1 • min-1) as the most accurate score can be obtained to measure the fitness level of individual cardiovascular endurance. Therefore min VO2max (ml • kg-1 • min-1) obtained from the 20- meter multistage shuttle run pacer test shows that the VO2max (ml • kg-1 • min-1) level of the study sample is good and is at high level.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness*
Fulltext Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Youth: An Important Marker of Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Raghuveer G, Hartz J, Lubans DR, Takken T, Wiltz JL, Mietus-Snyder M, et al.

Circulation, 2020 08 18;142(7):e101-e118.
PMID: 32686505 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000866

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) refers to the capacity of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscle mitochondria for energy production needed during physical activity. CRF is an important marker of physical and mental health and academic achievement in youth. However, only 40% of US youth are currently believed to have healthy CRF. In this statement, we review the physiological principles that determine CRF, the tools that are available to assess CRF, the modifiable and nonmodifiable factors influencing CRF, the association of CRF with markers of health in otherwise healthy youth, and the temporal trends in CRF both in the United States and internationally. Development of a cost-effective CRF measurement process that could readily be incorporated into office visits and in field settings to screen all youth periodically could help identify those at increased risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness*
Social jetlag is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in male but not female adolescents

Higgins S, Stoner L, Lubransky A, Howe AS, Wong JE, Black K, et al.

Sleep Med, 2020 11;75:163-170.
PMID: 32858356 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.030

INTRODUCTION: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a vital sign that can improve risk classification for adverse health outcomes. While lifestyle-related factors are associated with CRF, few have examined the influence of sleep characteristics, especially in youths. Social jetlag, a mismatch between one's biological clock and sleep schedule, is prevalent in adolescents and associated with increased adiposity, though its relationship with CRF is unclear.
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the relationship between social jetlag and CRF, independent of other sleep characteristics.
METHODS: This cross-sectional sample includes 276 New Zealand adolescents (14-18 years, 52.5% female). CRF (VO2max) was estimated from a 20-m multi-stage shuttle run. Average sleep duration, sleep disturbances, social jetlag, physical activity, and the number of bedroom screens were estimated from validated self-report surveys. Social jetlag is the difference in hours between the midpoint of sleep during weekdays (school) and weekend days (free). Combined and sex-stratified linear regression assessed the association between sleep outcomes and CRF, controlling for relevant covariates.
RESULTS: Males slept 17.6 min less, had less sleep disturbances, and a 25.1-min greater social jetlag than their female peers (all p

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness*
Fulltext Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity attenuates the detrimental effects of television viewing on the cardiorespiratory fitness in Asian adolescents: the Asia-fit study

Kidokoro T, Suzuki K, Naito H, Balasekaran G, Song JK, Park SY, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2019 Dec 27;19(1):1737.
PMID: 31881869 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8079-0

BACKGROUND: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and television viewing are independently associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. However, limited evidence is available on their combined effects, specifically of MVPA and watching television, on cardiorespiratory fitness in the young Asian population. Therefore, the present study examined whether MVPA can attenuate the detrimental effects of prolonged television viewing on the cardiorespiratory fitness of Asian adolescents.
METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study on 9553 adolescents (aged 12-15 years) from 8 Asian metropolitan cities (Tokyo, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Taipei, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Seoul, and Singapore). Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by using a 15-m progressive aerobic capacity endurance run (PACER) test. The time spent on MVPA and watching television was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form.
RESULTS: MVPA was more closely associated with the PACER score than the duration of watching television. Compared with the reference group (i.e. those with the lowest levels of MVPA [

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology*
A cross-sectional evaluation on physical fitness of Malaysian firefighters

Atikah C, Nihayah M, Omar B, Leonard J, Noor Ibrahim M, Zurkarnain M, et al.

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1461-1466.

Fire fighting is one of the most strenuous activities in the hazardous fire service industry. Firefighters have to be physically fit in order to provide an effective and safe fire prevention to the afflicted community and as well as to themselves. The aimed of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the physical fitness among Malaysian firefighters. The hand grip test to evaluate hand and muscular strength was measured using hand dynamometer and one-minute sit ups and one-minute push ups were conducted to measure abdominal muscle endurance. The sit and reach test was carried out to measure lower back and hamstring flexibility. VO2 max was assessed by a 20 meter shuttle run test to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. A total of 385 subjects were participated and the results showed that 77.1% (n=297) and 84.8% (n=325) of them had very poor scores for hand grip strength and VO2 max, respectively. For one-minute sit ups, 40.8% (n=157) of subjects scored excellent. Meanwhile, 32.7% (n=126) subjects scored average for one-minute push ups. For flexibility test, 53.2% (n=205) subjects had poor flexibilty. The results showed there were significantly difference between one-minute sit ups (p<0.001), one-minute push ups (p<0.05), flexibility (p<0.05) and VO2 max (p<0.001) according to age. As a conclusion, this study provides representative data on physical fitness among Malaysian firefighters. These findings suggested the needs to explore the issues behind low physical fitness among Malaysian firefighters and to find ways to improve them.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with a healthy dietary pattern in New Zealand adolescents

Howe AS, Skidmore PM, Parnell WR, Wong JE, Lubransky AC, Black KE

Public Health Nutr, 2016 May;19(7):1279-87.
PMID: 26347042 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015002566

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and dietary patterns in adolescents.
DESIGN: Food choice was assessed using the validated New Zealand Adolescent FFQ. Principal components analysis was used to determine dietary patterns. Trained research assistants measured participants' height and body mass. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed in a subset of participants using the multistage 20 m shuttle run. The level and stage were recorded, and the corresponding VO2max was calculated. Differences in mean VO2max according to sex and BMI were assessed using t tests, while associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and dietary patterns were examined using linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, school attended, socio-economic deprivation and BMI.
SETTING: Secondary schools in Otago, New Zealand.
SUBJECTS: Students (n 279) aged 14-18 years who completed an online lifestyle survey during a class period.
RESULTS: Principal components analysis produced three dietary patterns: 'Treat Foods', 'Fruits and Vegetables' and 'Basic Foods'. The 279 participants who provided questionnaire data and completed cardiorespiratory fitness testing had a mean age of 15·7 (sd 0·9) years. Mean VO2max was 45·8 (sd 6·9) ml/kg per min. The 'Fruits and Vegetables' pattern was positively associated with VO2max in the total sample (β=0·04; 95%CI 0·02, 0·07), girls (β=0·06; 95% CI 0·03, 0·10) and boys (β=0·03; 95% CI 0·01, 0·05).
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that increase in cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with a healthier dietary pattern, suggesting both should be targeted as part of a global lifestyle approach. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this association in relation to health outcomes in New Zealand adolescents.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology*
Fulltext The association between physical fitness with successful ageing and risk of cognitive impairment among Malaysian older adults

Huijin, Lau, Nor Fadilah Rajab, Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin, Suzana Shahar

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2015;15(22):97-102.
MyJurnal

The expansion of ageing population has gained much public attention on the importance of healthy and successful ageing,
which is absence of major chronic diseases, preserved physiological and cognitive functioning and active engagement
with life. Previous studies have found there was a significant correlation between physical fitness with cognition. However,
the relationship between physical fitness with successful and unsuccessful cognitive ageing groups are very limited. This
study was aimed to identify the significant physical fitness components that contribute in reducing risk of cognitive decline
represented as different cognitive ageing groups. A total of 300 community-based elderly aged 60 and above from the
states of Selangor, Perak and Kelantan were recruited using multistage random sampling method in this cross-sectional
study. Cognitive function of subjects was categorized into three groups, namely Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) (n
= 100), Usual Ageing (UA) (n = 100) and Successful Ageing (SA) (n = 100) based on defined criteria. Senior Fitness
Tests included 2-minute step, handgrip strength, chair stand, chair sit-and-reach, 8 foot up-and-go and back scratch
were measured to determine the cardiorespiratory fitness; muscle strength; agility and flexibility of subjects. SA group
had significantly better performance than non-SA groups in all fitness components, except for chair sit-and-reach. After
controlling for age, gender, education years and smoking status, handgrip strength and chair stand tests were associated
with a reduced risk of MCI by 7% [OR: 0.93, 95% C.I: 0.88-0.99, p < 0.05] and 15% [OR: 0.85, 95% C.I: 0.75-0.95, p <
0.01], respectively. These findings suggest that older adults with higher upper and lower body muscular strength could
serve as protective factors for cognitive impairment. Further research is warranted to evaluate the mechanism of physical
and cognitive decline such as Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome (MCR) in more detailed for the purpose for promoting
healthy and successful ageing.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Fulltext Effects of Graded Exercises Integrated with Education on Physical Fitness, Exercise SelfEfficacy, and Activity Levels in People with Spinal Cord Injury: A Quasi-Experimental Study Protocol

Hisham H, Justine M, Hussain H, Hasnan N, Manaf H

Asian Spine J, 2019 08;13(4):577-583.
PMID: 30866621 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.0172

Study Design: A quasi-experimental single-blinded study.
Purpose: To investigate the effects of 'graded exercise integrated with education' on physical fitness, exercise self-efficacy (ESE), and physical activity (PA) levels among subacute and chronic wheelchair-dependent paraplegia patients.
Overview of Literature: Most of the chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients had low physical fitness due to a sedentary lifestyle and lack of ESE after discharge from a rehabilitation program. Education may encourage them to engage with exercise to regain and maintain their physical fitness. However, there is a lack of research to support the effects of exercise integrated with education after an SCI.
Methods: A total of 44 participants will be assigned to either the experimental group (graded exercise integrated with education) or active control (conventional physical therapy). The experimental group will receive graded strength and aerobic exercise training according to their progression criteria. They will attend an education program during and after the rehabilitation program. The control group will only receive conventional physical therapy during their in-rehabilitation program. This study will be conducted during a period of 16 weeks, consisting of 8 weeks of in-rehabilitation and 8 weeks post-rehabilitation. Statistical analysis will be performed using the IBM SPSS ver. 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) at a significance level of p≤0.05.
Results: The primary outcome measures will be upper-limb isokinetic strength, isometric grip strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The secondary outcomes will be ESE and PA levels.
Conclusions: An intervention that combines exercise training and education may be warranted to enhance the physical fitness, ESE, and PA levels in SCI patients. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03420170).

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Fulltext Dietary Patterns, Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness in 9⁻11-Year-Old Children from Dunedin, New Zealand

Saeedi P, Black KE, Haszard JJ, Skeaff S, Stoner L, Davidson B, et al.

Nutrients, 2018 Jul 10;10(7).
PMID: 29996543 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070887

Research shows that cardiorespiratory (CRF) and muscular fitness in childhood are associated with a healthier cardiovascular profile in adulthood. Identifying factors associated with measures of fitness in childhood could allow for strategies to optimize cardiovascular health throughout the lifecourse. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary patterns and both CRF and muscular fitness in 9⁻11-year-olds. In this study of 398 children, CRF and muscular fitness were assessed using a 20-m shuttle run test and digital hand dynamometer, respectively. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Mixed effects linear regression models were used to assess associations between dietary patterns and CRF and muscular fitness. Most children had healthy CRF (99%, FITNESSGRAM) and mean ± SD muscular fitness was 15.2 ± 3.3 kg. Two dietary patterns were identified; “Snacks” and “Fruit and Vegetables”. There were no significant associations between either of the dietary patterns and CRF. Statistically significant but not clinically meaningful associations were seen between dietary patterns and muscular fitness. In an almost exclusively fit cohort, food choice is not meaningfully related to measures of fitness. Further research to investigate diet-fitness relationships in children with lower fitness levels can identify key populations for potential investments in health-promoting behaviors.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness*
Cardiorespiratory findings in epilepsy: A recent review on outcomes and pathophysiology

Akyüz E, Üner AK, Köklü B, Arulsamy A, Shaikh MF

J Neurosci Res, 2021 09;99(9):2059-2073.
PMID: 34109651 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24861

Epilepsy is a debilitating disorder of uncontrollable recurrent seizures that occurs as a result of imbalances in the brain excitatory and inhibitory neuronal signals, that could stem from a range of functional and structural neuronal impairments. Globally, nearly 70 million people are negatively impacted by epilepsy and its comorbidities. One such comorbidity is the effect epilepsy has on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which plays a role in the control of blood circulation, respiration and gastrointestinal function. These epilepsy-induced impairments in the circulatory and respiratory systems may contribute toward sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Although, various hypotheses have been proposed regarding the role of epilepsy on ANS, the linking pathological mechanism still remains unclear. Channelopathies and seizure-induced damages in ANS-control brain structures were some of the causal/pathological candidates of cardiorespiratory comorbidities in epilepsy patients, especially in those who were drug resistant. However, emerging preclinical research suggest that neurotransmitter/receptor dysfunction and synaptic changes in the ANS may also contribute to the epilepsy-related autonomic disorders. Thus, pathological mechanisms of cardiorespiratory dysfunction should be elucidated by considering the modifications in anatomy and physiology of the autonomic system caused by seizures. In this regard, we present a comprehensive review of the current literature, both clinical and preclinical animal studies, on the cardiorespiratory findings in epilepsy and elucidate the possible pathological mechanisms of these findings, in hopes to prevent SUDEP especially in patients who are drug resistant.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology
Fulltext Aqua zumba versus aqua jogging: comparative effects on health parameters among obese middle aged women

Sarina Md. Yusof, Maisarah Shari, Zulkifli Kadir, Aishah Adam, Teh, Lay Kek, Suhana Aiman, et al.

Movement Health & Exercise, 2018;7(2):11-21.
MyJurnal

Background: Obesity is major contributor to diseases and mortality. Constant weight loss significantly reverses diseases related to obesity and helps prolong human life expectancy. To date, there has been limited scientific evidence comparing the effectiveness of the Aqua Zumba® Fitness program and conventional aqua jog among obese women. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the effects between 12 weeks of Aqua Zumba® Fitness and aqua jog on health parameters among middle-age women. Methods: A total of sixty sedentary obese women (BMI >30 kg/m2), aged 40-59 years old were randomized to either Aqua Zumba® Fitness (AZ, n=20), aqua jog (AJ, n=20) or control group (C, n=20). Exercise groups were involved in different 12-week aqua exercise programs, 3 times per week, 60 minutes per session, with an intensity of 50-75% of maximum heart rate. Body mass (BM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body fat percentage (BF%), waist circumference (WC), upper and lower body strength (UBS and LBS), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and flexibility were measured at baseline (week-0) and post-exercise intervention (week-13). Result: The AZ group demonstrated significant changes (p

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Fulltext Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Physical Activity Patterns Maximizing Fitness and Minimizing Fatness Variation in Malaysian Adolescents: A Novel Application of Reduced Rank Regression

Toumpakari Z, Jago R, Howe LD, Majid HA, Papadaki A, Mohammadi S, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 11 22;16(23).
PMID: 31766777 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234662

Patterns of physical activity (PA) that optimize both fitness and fatness may better predict cardiometabolic health. Reduced rank regression (RRR) was applied to identify combinations of the type (e.g., football vs. skipping), location and timing of activity, explaining variation in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Multivariable regressions estimated longitudinal associations of PA pattern scores with cardiometabolic health in n = 579 adolescents aged 13-17 years from the Malaysian Health and Adolescent Longitudinal Research Team study. PA pattern scores in boys were associated with higher fitness (r = 0.3) and lower fatness (r = -0.3); however, in girls, pattern scores were only associated with higher fitness (r = 0.4) (fatness, r = -0.1). Pattern scores changed by β = -0.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.04, 0.03) and β = -0.08 (95% CI -0.1, -0.06) per year from 13 to 17 years in boys and girls respectively. Higher CRF and lower BMI were associated with better cardiometabolic health at 17 years, but PA pattern scores were not in either cross-sectional or longitudinal models. RRR identified sex-specific PA patterns associated with fitness and fatness but the total variation they explained was small. PA pattern scores changed little through adolescence, which may explain the limited evidence on health associations. Objective PA measurement may improve RRR for identifying optimal PA patterns for cardiometabolic health.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Fulltext Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level, body mass index and blood pressure among university students in Negeri Sembilan

Balarama T, Ramalingam V, Kantharuban PR, Chandran J, Surendran PJ

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2017;17(2):128-139.

Noncommunicable diseases are the number one killer globally and it could develop due to various risk factors. This cross-sectional study was aimed to identify these risk factors by assessing body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and blood pressure and to find out the correlation between these risk factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity level. The study samples were 103 students from two universities in Negeri Sembilan state selected by the convenience sampling method. After ethical clearance, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form in English was used to assess the physical activity level. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Rockport one mile walk test and the other parameters were assessed following the standard protocols. The percentage of overweight (32.04%) and pre-hypertension (25.24%) were higher among students. 35.92% of students reported a low physical activity level and 46.6% having a lower fitness level (fair and poor). The physical activity level correlated with the cardiorespiratory fitness level (P<0.01). The body mass index (P<0.01) and systolic blood pressure (male P 0.05, female P<0.01) negatively correlated with the cardiorespiratory fitness level. Therefore, measures have to be taken to improve the physical activity level and cardiorespiratory fitness to lower the risk of overweight and high blood pressure among university students.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Acute cardiorespiratory, perceptual and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in adolescents

Malik AA, Williams CA, Bond B, Weston KL, Barker AR

Eur J Sport Sci, 2017 Nov;17(10):1335-1342.
PMID: 28859545 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1364300

This study aimed to examine adolescents' acute cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and enjoyment responses following HIIE and work-matched continuous moderate intensity exercise (CMIE). Fifty-four 12- to 15-year olds (27 boys) completed 8 × 1-min cycling at 90% peak power with 75-s recovery (HIIE) and at 90% of the gas exchange threshold (CMIE). Absolute oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), percentage of maximal [Formula: see text] (%[Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR), percentage of maximal HR (%HRmax) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during HIIE. Enjoyment was measured using the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) following HIIE and CMIE. Boys elicited higher absolute [Formula: see text] during HIIE work (p 1.22) and recovery (p 0.51) intervals but lower %[Formula: see text] during HIIE recovery intervals compared to girls (p 0.67). No sex differences in HR and %HRmaxwere evident during HIIE and 48 participants attained ≥90% HRmax. Boys produced higher RPE at intervals 6 (p = .004, ES = 1.00) and 8 (p = .003, ES = 1.00) during HIIE. PACES was higher after HIIE compared with CMIE (p = .003, ES = 0.58). Items from PACES "I got something out of it", "It's very exciting" and "It gives me a strong feeling of success" were higher after HIIE (all p 0.32). The items "I feel bored" and "It's not at all interesting" were higher after CMIE (all p 0.46). HIIE elicits a maximal cardiorespiratory response in most adolescents. Greater enjoyment after HIIE was due to elevated feelings of reward, excitement and success and may serve as a strategy to promote health in youth.

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Fulltext Promoting physical activity in sedentary elderly Malays with type 2 diabetes: a protocol for randomised controlled trial

Sazlina SG, Browning CJ, Yasin S

BMJ Open, 2012;2(6).
PMID: 23161092 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002119

INTRODUCTION: Like many countries Malaysia is facing an increase in the number of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus diabetes (T2DM) and modifiable lifestyle factors such as sedentary behaviour are important drivers of this increase. The level of physical activity is low among elderly Malay people. In Malaysia, strategies to promote physical activity in elderly Malay people with T2DM are not well documented in the research literature. This paper discusses an intervention to increase physical activity in elderly Malay people with T2DM. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of personalised feedback alone and in combination with peer support in promoting and maintaining physical activity in comparison with usual care.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A three-arm randomised controlled trial will be conducted among sedentary Malay adults aged 60 years and above with T2DM attending an urban primary healthcare clinic in Malaysia. The participants will be randomised into three groups for a 12-week intervention with a follow-up at 24 and 36 weeks to assess adherence. The primary outcome of this study is pedometer-determined physical activity. Glycaemic and blood pressure control, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, balance, lipid profile, health-related quality of life, psychological well-being, social support and self-efficacy for exercise are the secondary measures. Linear mixed models will be used to determine the effect of the intervention over time and between groups. ETHICAL AND DISSEMINATION: The Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee and the Malaysian Ministry of Health's Medical Research Ethics Committee approved this protocol. The findings of this study will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study protocol has been registered with the Malaysian National Medical Research Registry and with the Current Controlled Trial Ltd (http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN71447000/).

Matched MeSH terms: Cardiorespiratory Fitness

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