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  1. Ithnin MH, Ariffin AE, Mohd Kamal M
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The clinical evaluation of the three layers of tear film is still poorly described. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of aqueous assessment in diagnosing dry eye.
    Materials and method: Schirmer test with anaesthesia (STA) and tear meniscus height (TMH) measurement were conducted on non-dry eye (NDE) and dry eye (DE) subjects in this cross-sectional study. The NDE and DE subjects were classified using two types of classification; classification 1 and classification 2.
    Results: 321 subjects with 642 eyes were recruited in the study. STA was significantly correlated with TMH (r = 0.24, p < 0.001) in all 642 eyes. The comparison between nondry and dry eye subjects in STA and TMH were not significantly different (p > 0.05) if the Classification 1 was used to define dry eye. In Classification 2, there were significantly different between NDE (12.5 ± 8.2 mm) and DE (3.4 ± 0.8 mm) subjects in STA (p < 0.001). Similar trend was also depicted in TMH based on the definition of dry eye stated in Classification 2 (NDE = 0.45 ± 0.20 mm, DE = 0.39 ± 0.14 mm; p < 0.05).
    Conclusion: The value of STA and TMH were lower significantly in dry eye subjects. However, the significant outcomes were only demonstrated if the clinical signs of dryness were used in the definition of dry eye.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  2. Ithnin MH, Ariffin AE, Mohd Kamal K
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: There was no previous study to assess relationship between dry eye symptoms and signs in the local population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship of symptomatic assessment and clinical signs of dryness in dry eye subjects.
    Materials and method: A Cross-sectional study with convenient sampling involving 321 subjects with 642 eyes was done. Subjects were divided into non-dry eye (NDE) and dry eye (DE) groups. The division of NDE and DE groups were done using two types of classification. In Classification 1(symptoms-based), DE was defined if the score of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score was more than 33. The value of tear film break-up time (TFBUT) less than 5 seconds and Schirmer test with anaesthesia (STA) less than 5mm/5 minutes were considered as DE for Classification 2 (signs based).
    Results: There were poor correlations between OSDI and clinical signs of dryness in all subjects involved (p > 0.05). Similar findings were also noted within NDE subjects in Classification 1 and Classification 2. OSDI score was also not significantly correlated with the signs of dryness within DE subjects except with ocular protection index (OPI) (r = - 0.14, p = 0.047) in Classification 1 and with conjunctival lissamine green staining (CLGS) (r = 0.23, p = 0.040) in Classification 2.
    Conclusion: There were no significant correlation between the symptoms of dry eye and the clinical signs of dry eye. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis of dry eye can be made based on either just on the symptoms or the signs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  3. Maimunah Abdul Muna’aim, Yee, Tey Yin, Alya Az-Zahra Mohamad Zafarullah, Rafidah Md Saleh, Nazri Omar
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Dry eye is a common but under-diagnosed problem in the general population. Lack of standardised diagnostic protocol causes prevalence of dry eye varied widely in different populations. Nevertheless, effective management rests largely on the accurate diagnosis and identification of the contributing risk factors.
    Methods: In a cross sectional study, socio-demographic, lifestyle and medical history data were collected from 157 respondents. A validated six-item questionnaire was used to determine the dry eye symptoms. Dry eye was determined by using Schirmer’s test. Fluorescein staining test and tear break up time (TBUT) test were performed to characterise the dry eye.
    Results: Using the Schirmer’s test, 33.8% of respondents had dry eyes. The likelihood of dry eye increased among Malay females in the seventh decade. The most frequently reported symptom was sensation of dryness of the eye. Although only 22.6% of dry eye cases were symptomatic, up to 47.2% of them may developed surface changes detectable by fluorescein dye test. Ethnicity (p=0.019) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.049) were significantly associated with dry eye.
    Conclusion: Dry eye could be subclinical but clinical tests in potential risk groups can lead to better detection of this condition and allow prescription of appropriate treatment for affected patients.
    Study site: Ophthalmology clinic, hospital, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes*
  4. Man REK, Veerappan AR, Tan SP, Fenwick EK, Sabanayagam C, Chua J, et al.
    Ocul Surf, 2017 Oct;15(4):742-748.
    PMID: 28442380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.04.004
    PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of symptomatic dry eye disease (SDED) and associated risk factors in a well-characterized cohort of ethnic Malays in Singapore.

    METHODS: We included 1682 participants (mean age [SD]: 57 [10]years; 55.4% female) without SDED from the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES), a population-based longitudinal study with baseline examination (SiMES-1) conducted between 2004 and 2006, and follow-up examination (SiMES-2) conducted between 2010 and 2013. SDED was considered to be present if a participant answered "often" or "all the time" to any of the six questions from the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study dry eye questionnaire. Age-standardized incidence of SDED was calculated as the crude 6-year cumulative incidence standardized to Singapore's population census. Gender-stratified multivariable log-binomial regression models were utilized to determine the independent risk factors of incident SDED.

    RESULTS: At the 6-year follow-up, 86 of 1682 participants had developed SDED, which was equivalent to an age-standardized 6-year incidence of 5.1% (95% CI 4.1-6.4%). There were no differences in the incidence of SDED between men and women (P = 0.9). Multivariable models revealed that presence of glaucoma and poorer self-rated health were independently associated with incident SDED in men (P = 0.003 and 0.03, respectively), while contact lens wear (P = 0.002), history of thyroid disease (P = 0.03), and having had cataract surgery (P = 0.02) were predictive of incident SDED in women.

    CONCLUSION: One in twenty adult Malays developed SDED over a 6-year period. Risk factors for incident SDED were different between men and women. Future studies and public health interventions should consider this gender-specific difference in risk factors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology*
  5. Yellepeddi VK, Sheshala R, McMillan H, Gujral C, Jones D, Raghu Raj Singh T
    Drug Discov Today, 2015 Jul;20(7):884-9.
    PMID: 25668579 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.01.013
    Punctal plugs (PPs) are miniature medical implants that were initially developed for the treatment of dry eyes. Since their introduction in 1975, many PPs made from different materials and designs have been developed. PPs, albeit generally successful, suffer from drawbacks such as epiphora and suppurative canaliculitis. To overcome these issues intelligent designs of PPs were proposed (e.g. SmartPLUG™ and Form Fit™). PPs are also gaining interest among pharmaceutical scientists for sustaining drug delivery to the eye. This review aims to provide an overview of PPs for dry eye treatment and drug delivery to treat a range of ocular diseases. It also discusses current challenges in using PPs for ocular diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/drug therapy*; Dry Eye Syndromes/physiopathology
  6. Tsubota K, Yokoi N, Watanabe H, Dogru M, Kojima T, Yamada M, et al.
    Eye Contact Lens, 2020 Jan;46 Suppl 1:S2-S13.
    PMID: 31425351 DOI: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000643
    The 2017 consensus report of the Asia Dry Eye Society (ADES) on the definition and diagnosis of dry eyes described dry eye disease as "Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by unstable tear film causing a variety of symptoms and/or visual impairment, potentially accompanied by ocular surface damage." The report emphasized the instability of tear film and the importance of visual dysfunction in association with dry eyes, highlighting the importance of the evaluation of tear film stability. This report also discussed the concept of tear film-oriented therapy, which stemmed from the definition, and which is centered on provision of insufficient components in each tear film layer and ocular surface epithelium. The current ADES report proposes a simple classification of dry eyes based on the concept of tear film-oriented diagnosis and suggests that there are three types of dry eye: aqueous-deficient, decreased wettability, and increased evaporation. It is suggested that these three types respectively coincide with the problems of each layer: aqueous, membrane-associated mucins, and lipid/secretory mucin. Although each component cannot be quantitatively evaluated with the current technology, a practical diagnosis based on the patterns of fluorescein breakup is recommended. The Asia Dry Eye Society classification report suggests that for a practical use of the definition, diagnostic criteria and classification system should be integrated and be simple to use. The classification system proposed by ADES is a straightforward tool and simple to use, only through use of fluorescein, which is available even to non-dry eye specialists, and which is believed to contribute to an effective diagnosis and treatment of dry eyes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  7. Lim EWL, Chee ML, Sabanayagam C, Majithia S, Tao Y, Wong TY, et al.
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019 05 01;60(6):1889-1897.
    PMID: 31042796 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26810
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between sleep (duration and quality) and symptoms of dry eye in Singapore Malay and Indian adults.

    Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study. A total of 3303 subjects aged 40 years and above from two large population-based cohorts, the Singapore Malay Eye Study-2 (n = 1191, 2011-2013) and the Singapore Indian Eye Study-2 (n = 2112, 2013-2015), were included. The presence of symptoms of dry eye was defined as having at least one of six symptoms often or all the time. Sleep questionnaires included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Berlin Questionnaire, STOP-bang questionnaire, and Insomnia Severity Index. Poor sleep quality was defined as meeting the respective questionnaire thresholds. General health questionnaires (including sleep duration) and standardized ocular and systemic tests were also used.

    Results: Of 3303 participants, 6.4% had excessive sleepiness, 20.5% had high risk for sleep apnea, 2.7% had clinical insomnia, and 7.8% had <5 hours of sleep. These sleep factors were associated with symptoms of dry eye. After adjusting for relevant demographic, medical, and social factors, the following were associated with higher odds of symptoms of dry eye: excessive sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale: odds ratio [OR] = 1.77 [1.15-2.71]), high risk of sleep apnea (Berlin Questionnaire: OR = 1.55 [1.17-2.07], STOP-Bang Questionnaire: OR = 2.66 [1.53-4.61]), clinical insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index: OR = 3.68 [2.17-6.26]) and <5 hours of sleep (OR = 1.73 [1.17-2.57], reference sleep duration 5-9 hours). Sleep apnea, insomnia, and sleep duration were each shown to be independently associated with symptoms of dry eye.

    Conclusion: Short sleep duration and poor quality are both significantly and independently associated with symptoms of dry eye.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/ethnology; Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology; Dry Eye Syndromes/metabolism*
  8. Sharanjeet-Kaur, Ho CY, Mutalib HA, Ghazali AR
    J Optom, 2016 Jul-Sep;9(3):175-81.
    PMID: 26652245 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2015.10.004
    PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between tear ferning patterns (TFP) and non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) in normal Asian subjects.

    METHODS: One hundred and forty-five adults with no ocular surface disorders were recruited. TFP and NIBUT were determined. Tears were collected using a capillary tube and allowed to air dry at room temperature for 10min. TFP was later observed using a light microscope and classified according to Rolando's classification. Measurement for NIBUT was obtained using a Tearscope with the slit lamp magnification.

    RESULTS: It was found that there is no significant difference between gender in TFP (Z=-1.77, P>.05) and NIBUT (Z=-1.475, P>.05). There is also no significant difference between Malay, Chinese, Indian, and other races in TFP, (H(3)=4.85, P>.05) and NIBUT (H(3)=2.18, P>.05). However, there is a significant difference between age groups of 20-29, 30-39, 40-49,and 50-60 years old in both TFP (H(3)=28.25, P
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/diagnosis
  9. Jamaliah R, Fathilah J
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Dec;57(4):390-7.
    PMID: 12733162
    Two hundred outpatients (115 females and 85 males) attending the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) eye clinic, aged 20 years and above and without any ocular surface disorder were recruited for this study. Their tear film status was determined subjectively by their symptoms and quantitatively by the cotton thread test, Schirmer's test, marginal tear film meniscus assessment, fluorescein corneal staining and tear break-up time. Dry eye was considered present if at least one symptom was experienced often or always, within the past 3 months. Dry eye was also considered present if one of these tests was positive; Schirmer's test < 5 mm, Phenol red thread (PRT) test < 10 mm and tear film breakup time (BUT) < 8 seconds. The prevalence of dry eye in this sample population as defined by presence of symptoms and an abnormal test result is 14.5%. Presence of dry eye as detected by clinical testing is higher in the Chinese race (p < 0.01), in the group 40-59 years (p = 0.024). There is no difference between females and males. A lower BUT score was more strongly associated with presence of dry eye symptoms (p = 0.02). Elderly patients have a lower BUT and Schirmer's score. There is lack of agreement between PRT and Schirmer's test, although both are measures of tear quantity.
    Study site: Eye clinic, University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology*
  10. Azarisman Shah MS, Heselynn H
    Singapore Med J, 2007 Feb;48(2):e60-1.
    PMID: 17304382
    A 38-year-old woman presented with right-sided parotid swelling, dry mouth and dry eyes of one year duration. Her Schirmer's test and sialometry were positive and histopathology showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. She also had concomitant normochromic , normocytic anaemia and mild haematuria. Her anti-nuclear antibody titre was also positive, 1:640, with a speckled pattern on immunofluorescence. We discuss the atypical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus, particularly parotitis and secondary Sjogren's syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology
  11. Wiki Safarina Narawi, Shaz’ Ain Razak, Nahdiyah Azman
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Usage of smartphones have increased rapidly because of its importance in our daily life. This led to an increase in incidence of ocular problems among smartphone users. This research was conducted to determine the effect of smartphone usage on accommodation status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among young adults aged 19 to 30 years old in Management and Science University, Shah Alam. All subjects were asked to use smartphone for 20 minutes. The symptoms and accommodation status were evaluated before and after the smartphone usage. Results: Total subjects showed the mean age of 23.60 ± 2.77 years, 50% (n = 20) were males and 50% (n = 20) were females. The mean smartphone usage per day was 8.60 ± 2.80) hours. After 20 minutes of smartphone usage, subjects complained of tired eyes (92.50%), dry eyes (90.00%), blurred vision (87.50%), and headache (82.50%). Paired t-test showed significant reduction in amplitude of accommodation, monocularly from 9.9 ± 1.9 D to 8.76 ± 2.50 D (p = 0.00), and binocularly from 12.01 ± 1.95 D to 10.96 ± 2.16 D (p = 0.00); monoc- ular accommodative facility from 13.93 ± 3.13 cpm to 11.10 ± 4.32 cpm (p = 0.00) and binocular accommodative facility from 12.70 ± 3.57 cpm to 9.70 ± 4.21 cpm (p = 0.00); positive relative accommodation from -2.72 ± 0.87 D to -2.13 ± 1.28 D (p = 0.00) and increase in lag of accommodation from 0.4 ± 0.26 D to 0.93 ± 0.48 D (p = 0.00). Conclusion: This study shows that there were significance changes on accommodation status after 20 minutes of smartphone usage which can lead to weakness of accommodation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  12. Goh Y, Kwan Z, Han WH, Iqbal T, Yahya F, Khang TF, et al.
    Int Ophthalmol, 2021 Jun;41(6):2139-2147.
    PMID: 33788072 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01771-8
    PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular surface changes among patients with psoriasis in Malaysia, a developing country in Southeast Asia.

    METHODS: An interdisciplinary case-control study (60 psoriasis patients and 40 control subjects) to look at the differences in ocular surface manifestations between patients with psoriasis and a group of age-, gender- and ethnicity-matched healthy controls.

    RESULTS: One hundred and twenty eyes of 60 patients with psoriasis and 80 eyes of 40 healthy controls without psoriasis were included in the study. Mild-to-moderate psoriasis was found in 42 patients (70%), while 18 patients (30%) had severe psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis was found in 19 patients (32%). Of the 60 psoriatic patients, the prevalence of ocular involvement was 65% (39/60), in which 32% (19/60) had dry eyes, 27% (16/60) had lid margin abnormalities, 33% (20/60) had cataract, and one had history of anterior uveitis. Compared to controls, ocular surface of psoriatic patients showed more eyelid margin abnormalities, higher meibomian gland loss and lower tear film break-up time. The estimated odds ratio for dry eyes in the psoriasis group was 2.2 (95% CI: 0.8-6.9).

    CONCLUSION: Ocular surface disorders encompassing eyelid margin abnormalities, meibomian gland loss and tear dysfunction occur at an earlier and higher rate among psoriatic patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  13. Mohd Ali, B., Nguan, D.K.C., Bashirah, I., Chan, K.M.
    MyJurnal
    Changes in tear protein concentrations may reflect ocular surface health. This study analyzes changes in tear protein concentrations of young Malays with dry eye (DE) and determines its association with the clinical findings. Methods: Subjects were screened using McMonnies questionnaire (MDEQ) and flourescein tear break up time (TBUT). Total tear protein concentration (TTPC) was determined using Bradford's technique and specific tear protein (sIgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin and human serum albumin (HSA)) concentrations were determined using SDS-PAGE. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to compare means between groups. Spearman correlation was used to determine the association between variables measured. Results: A total of 42 subjects (21 DE and 21 NDE) were included. Mean MDEQ score for DE was 16.00±1.48 and NDE was 8.47±3.47. Mean TBUT for DE was 3.47±0.47s and NDE was 4.98±0.43s. Mean TTPC for DE and NDE was 9.84±2.40mg/ml and 8.96±1.84mg/ml respectively. Mean sIgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin and HSA for DE was 0.54±0.10mg/ml, 1.68±0.17mg/ml, 1.47±0.25mg/ml, 0.06±0.03mg/ml and for NDE was 0.57±0.09mg/ml, 2.04±0.19mg/ml, 1.75±0.23mg/ml, 0.06±0.03mg/ml accordingly. Significant differences were noted in MDEQ score (p=0.01), TBUT (p=0.01), lactoferrin (p=0.01) and lysozyme (p=0.01) but not in TTPC (p=0.19), HSA (p=0.74) and sIgA (p=0.24) between groups. Significant correlations were noted between TBUT with lactoferrin (r=0.02, p=0.02) and lysozyme (r=0.63, p=0.01) and between MDEQ score with lactoferrin (r=-0.34, p=0.02) and lysozyme (r=-0.64, p=0.01). Conclusions: There are changes in specific tear protein in dry eye patients, which correlate well with clinical results. Tear protein analysis may play an important role in the diagnosis of the dry eye.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  14. Norhani Mohidin, Tee, Lee Fung
    MyJurnal
    This survey represents an initial examination of contact lens practice in Malaysia. It is based on a questionnaire that was sent to selected members of the Association of the Malaysian Optometrists to survey the prescribing habits of g contact lenses and care products. Questions included types of lenses prescribed, care systems frequently recommended and types of complications seen. Optometrists in Malaysia prescribed an average of 90 new pairs of contact lenses per year. Soft lenses made up 84% of the prescription followed by 14% of rigid gas permeable lenses and 1.5% of polymethymethacrylate lenses. Disposable/frequent replacement lenses accounted for 60% of the soft lenses prescribed. The most commonly prescribed disinfecting system was chemical disinfection. The most common complication seen during aftercare consultation was dry eye-related problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  15. Aljarousha M, Badarudin NE, Che Azemin MZ
    Malays J Med Sci, 2016 May;23(3):72-7.
    PMID: 27418872 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Diabetes may affect the human body's systems and organs, including the eye. Diabetic retinopathy is the 5th leading cause of blindness globally. Diabetic subjects demonstrated dry eye symptoms that were also supported by the low values of the clinical tests.
    PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the dry eye symptoms and signs between diabetics and non-diabetics and tear functions between diabetic subjects with and without dry eye.
    METHODS: This retrospective study was based on the observation of 643 medical files. Using a convenience sampling method, 88 subjects were found to report diabetes mellitus. The information extracted from the files included: date of first examination, age at first visit, gender, past ocular history, systemic disease, symptoms of dry eye disease and details of clinical diagnostic signs. Non-contact lens wearers were excluded. A group of 88, age and gender matched, control subjects were included for this comparison study.
    RESULTS: The percentage of dry eye symptoms was higher in diabetic subjects (15.9%) compared with non-diabetic subjects (13.6%; p<0.001). The percentage of dry eye symptoms was also higher in diabetics with dry eye (63%) than in diabetics without dry eye (36.9%; p<0.001). Tear break up time was significantly different between diabetics and non-diabetics (p<0.001) and between diabetics with and without dry eye (p=0.046). The corneal staining was significantly different between diabetic subjects with and without dry eye (p=0.028).
    CONCLUSION: Dry eye symptoms were significantly associated with diabetics. Tear break up time was significantly shorter in diabetics with dry eye compared to diabetics without dry eye.
    KEYWORDS: Diabetes mellitus; cornea; dry eye syndromes; signs and symptoms; tears
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Jalan Hospital, Kuantan, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  16. Ang CK, Mohidin N, Chung KM
    Curr Eye Res, 2014 Sep;39(9):879-84.
    PMID: 25014251 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.859273
    PURPOSE/AIM: Wink glass (WG), an invention to stimulate blinking at interval of 5 s was designed to reduce dry eye symptoms during visual display unit (VDU) use. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of WG on visual functions that include blink rate, ocular surface symptoms (OSS) and tear stability during VDU use.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 26 young and asymptomatic subjects were instructed to read articles in Malay language with a computer for 20 min with WG whereby their blink rate, pre- and post-task tear break-up time, and OSS were recorded. The results were compared to another reading session of the subjects wearing a transparent plastic sheet as a control.
    RESULTS: Non-invasive tear break-up time was reduced after reading session with transparent plastic sheet (pre-task = 5.97 s, post-task = 5.14 s, z = -2.426, p = 0.015, Wilcoxon), but remained stable (pre-task = 5.62 s, post-task = 5.35 s, z = -0.67, p = 0.501) during the reading session with WG. The blink rate recorded during reading session with plastic sheet was 9 blinks/min (median) and this increased to 15 blinks/min (z = -3.315, p = 0.001) with WG. The reading task caused OSS (maximum scores = 20) with median score of 1 (0-8) reduced to median score of 0 (0-3) after wearing WG (z = -2.417, p = 0.016).
    CONCLUSION: WG was found to increase post-task tear stability, increased blinking rate and reduced OSS during video display unit use among young and healthy adults. Although it may be considered as an option to improve dry eye symptoms among VDU users, further studies are warranted to establish its stability and its effect on subjects with dry eyes.
    KEYWORDS: Blink rate; Wink glass; non-invasive tear break-up time; visual display units
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/prevention & control*
  17. Mohidin N, Jaafar AB
    J Curr Ophthalmol, 2020 07 04;32(3):232-237.
    PMID: 32775796 DOI: 10.4103/JOCO.JOCO_70_20
    Purpose: To determine the effect of smoking on tear stability and ocular surface of the cornea among students aged between 19 and 25 years. This study also aimed to find a correlation between tear film stability with a score of McMonnies Dry Eye Questionnaire (MDEQ) and Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire (OSDI).

    Methods: This is a prospective, non-interventional, comparative study of 59 male (27 smokers and 32 non-smokers) undergraduates of a public university. Tear film stability was evaluated using non-invasive tear break-up time and fluorescein tear break-up time. Corneal staining was determined using Efron grading scale. MDEQ and OSDI Questionnaires were used to assess dry eye symptoms. Data were obtained from the right eye only and analyzed using descriptive and correlation analysis.

    Results: The age range of the participants was between 19 and 25 years. The mean age for smokers and non-smokers was 22.19 ± 2.20 and 21.22 ± 1.83 years, respectively (P = 0.07). The smoker group had statistically significant lower tear film stability than the non-smoker group (P < 0.0001). Corneal staining was statistically significant higher at the nasal and temporal parts of the cornea in smokers (P < 0.05). There was a moderate correlation between tear film stability and scores of MDEQ and OSDI.

    Conclusions: Tobacco smoke has a significant effect on the tear film stability, seen in reduced tear stability values among smokers. Corneal staining was found to be more extensive in the smokers. These findings would be useful to eye-care providers in the management of their dry eye patients related to smoking.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes
  18. Soo MPK, Chow SK, Tan CT, Nadior N, Yeap SS, Hoh HB
    Lupus, 2000;9(7):511-4.
    PMID: 11035416 DOI: 10.1177/096120330000900706
    The aim of the study was to determine the spectrum of clinical ocular involvement in patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have no ocular symptoms. Patients with a diagnosis of SLE based on the 1982 revised American College of Rheumatology criteria and with no ocular complaints were recruited from the SLE clinic. Clinical data regarding their systemic disease and disease activity were recorded and a full ophthalmic examination carried out. 52 patients of mixed ethnicity comprising of 75% Chinese, 19% Malays and 6% Indian patients were recruited. Of these, 51 (98%) were female with a mean age of 34+/-11 (range 16-74 y). 16 (31%) patients had dry eyes while corticosteroid induced glaucoma and cataract was detected in 1 (2%) and 7 (14%) patients, respectively. No patients were found to have sight-threatening ocular conditions such as cotton wool spots, vasculitis, optic neuropathy or uveitis. Patients with clinically inactive disease were found not to have sight-threatening ocular diseases that are known to be associated with SLE. Although they have no ocular complaints, nearly one-third of these patients have dry eyes. Ocular examination may be unnecessary when the disease is clinically inactive and in the absence of ocular symptoms.
    Study site: SLE clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology
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