Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 35 in total

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  1. Hu Q, Ma F, Wei H, Yang W, Deng S, Yu X, et al.
    J Texture Stud, 2023 Aug;54(4):582-594.
    PMID: 37400374 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12785
    The aim of this study was to compare the investigations of various contents of egg white protein (2.0%-8.0%, EWP), microbial transglutaminase (0.1%-0.4%, MTGase), and konjac glucomannan (0.5%-2.0%, KGM) on the gelling properties and rheological behavior of Trachypenaeus Curvirostris shrimp surimi gel (SSG), and assessed the modification mechanisms through the analysis of structure characteristics. The findings suggested that all modified SSG samples (expect SSG-KGM2.0% ) had the higher gelling properties and the denser network structure than those of unmodified SSG. Meanwhile, EWP could give SSG a better appearance than MTGase and KGM. Rheological results showed that SSG-EWP6% and SSG-KGM1.0% had the highest G' and G″, demonstrating that the formation of higher levels of elasticity and hardness. All modifications could increase gelation rates of SSG along with the reduction of G″ during the degeneration of protein. According to the FTIR results, three modification methods changed SSG protein conformation with the increasing α-helix and β-sheet contents and the decreasing of random coil content. LF-NMR results indicated that more free water could be transformed into immobilized water in the modified SSG gels, which contributed to improve the gelling properties. Furthermore, molecular forces showed that EWP and KGM could further increase the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction in SSG gels, while MTGase could induce the formation of more disulfide bonds. Thus, compared with another two modifications, EWP modified SSG gels showed the highest gelling properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  2. Mohananaidu K, Chatterjee B, Mohamed F, Mahmood S, Hamed Almurisi S
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2022 Oct 21;23(8):288.
    PMID: 36271212 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02439-x
    Over the past decade, intranasal (IN) delivery has been gaining attention as an alternative approach to conventional drug delivery routes targeting the brain. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is available as an orally ingestible formulation. The present study aims to develop a thermoreversible in situ gelling system for delivering CBZ via IN route. A cold method of synthesis has been used to tailor and optimize the thermoreversible gel composition, using poloxamer 407 (P407) (15-20% w/v) and iota carrageenan (ɩ-Cg) (0.15-0.25% w/v). The developed in situ gel showed gelation temperatures (28-33°C), pH (4.5-6.5), rheological properties (pseudoplastic, shear thinning), and mucoadhesive strength (1755.78-2495.05 dyne/cm2). The in vitro release study has shown sustained release behavior (24 h) for gel, containing significant retardation of CBZ release. The release kinetics fit to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, suggesting the non-Fickian diffusion type controlled release behavior. Ex vivo permeation through goat nasal mucosa showed sustained release from the gel containing 18% P407 with the highest cumulative drug permeated (243.94 µg/cm2) and a permeation flux of 10.16 µg/cm2/h. After treatment with CBZ in situ gel, the barrier function of nasal mucosa remained unaffected. Permeation through goat nasal mucosa using in situ gel has demonstrated a harmless nasal delivery, which can provide a new dimension to deliver CBZ directly to the brain bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  3. Zhao Y, Lu K, Piao X, Song Y, Wang L, Zhou R, et al.
    Food Chem, 2023 May 01;407:135157.
    PMID: 36529012 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135157
    Surimi products have unsatisfactory gel properties. Hence, this study evaluates the effect of collagen-adding on surimi gel properties and provides the first observation results regarding collagen type influence. With higher water solubility and more charged amino acids than type II, collagen type I intertwines with surimi myofibrillar proteins better to induce higher exposure of protein functional domains, more sufficient conformational changes of myosin and greater formation of chemical forces among proteins. These enhancements accelerate the gelation rate, leading to a well-stabilized surimi gel. The collagen I-containing surimi gels show more compact structures with uniformly distributed smaller pores than those containing collagen II, thereby providing the final products with higher water holding capacity and better textural profiles. As such, the surimi gel fortification performance of collagen I and the well-elucidated collagen-myofibrillar protein interaction mechanism will guide the further exploitation of collagen as an effective additive in the food industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  4. Chan SY, Choo WS, Young DJ, Loh XJ
    Carbohydr Polym, 2017 Apr 01;161:118-139.
    PMID: 28189220 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.033
    Pectins are a diverse family of biopolymers with an anionic polysaccharide backbone of α-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acids in common. They have been widely used as emulsifiers, gelling agents, glazing agents, stabilizers, and/or thickeners in food, pharmaceutical, personal care and polymer products. Commercial pectin is classified as high methoxy pectin (HMP) with a degree of methylation (DM) >50% and low methoxy pectin (LMP) with a DM <50%. Amidated low methoxy pectins (ALMP) can be obtained through aminolysis of HMP. Gelation of HMP occurs by cross-linking through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces between the methyl groups, assisted by a high co-solute concentration and low pH. In contrast, gelation of LMP occurs by the formation of ionic linkages via calcium bridges between two carboxyl groups from two different chains in close proximity, known as the 'egg-box' model. Pectin gels exhibit Newtonian behaviour at low shear rates and shear-thinning behaviour when the shear rate is increased. An overview of pectin from its origin to its physicochemical properties is presented in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  5. Ding K, Geng H, Guo W, Sun W, Zhan S, Lou Q, et al.
    J Sci Food Agric, 2023 Aug 30;103(11):5322-5331.
    PMID: 37016806 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12600
    BACKGROUND: Fish gelatin (FG) has multifunctional properties similar to mammalian gelatin (MG), and it has been recognized as the optimal alternative to MG. While its poor surface-active and gelling properties significantly limit its application values, glycosylation has been successfully used to increase surface-active properties of FG, but the influence of ultrasonic-associated glycosylation (UAG) on the gelling and structural characteristics of FG is still rarely reported. This article explores UAG (100-200 W, 0.5-1 h) with κ-carrageenan (κC) on the functional properties (emulsifying, gelling and rheological properties) and structural characteristics of FG.

    RESULTS: The longer time and higher power of ultrasonics accelerated the glycosylation reaction with an increase in glycosylation degree and browning index values. Compared with original FG, FG-κC mixture and bovine gelatin, UAG-modified FG possessed higher emulsification activity index, emulsion stability index, gel strength, hardness and melting temperature values. Among them, gelatin modified by appropriate ultrasonic conditions (200 W, 0.5 h) had the highest emulsifying and gelling properties. Rheological results showed that UAG contributed to the gelation process of gelatin with advanced gelation time and endowed it with high viscosity. Structural analysis indicated that UAG promoted κC to link with FG by the formation of covalent and hydrogen bonds, restricting more bound and immobilized water in the gels, exhibiting higher gelling properties.

    CONCLUSION: This work showed that UAG with κC is a promising method to produce high gelling and emulsifying properties of FG that could replace MG. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  6. Dabbagh A, Abdullah BJ, Ramasindarum C, Abu Kasim NH
    Ultrason Imaging, 2014 Oct;36(4):291-316.
    PMID: 24626566 DOI: 10.1177/0161734614526372
    Tissue-mimicking phantoms that are currently available for routine biomedical applications may not be suitable for high-temperature experiments or calibration of thermal modalities. Therefore, design and fabrication of customized thermal phantoms with tailored properties are necessary for thermal therapy studies. A multitude of thermal phantoms have been developed in liquid, solid, and gel forms to simulate biological tissues in thermal therapy experiments. This article is an attempt to outline the various materials and techniques used to prepare thermal phantoms in the gel state. The relevant thermal, electrical, acoustic, and optical properties of these phantoms are presented in detail and the benefits and shortcomings of each type are discussed. This review could assist the researchers in the selection of appropriate phantom recipes for their in vitro study of thermal modalities and highlight the limitations of current phantom recipes that remain to be addressed in further studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry*
  7. Ravindra P, Chan ES, Reddy KU
    Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2007 Nov;58(7):542-7.
    PMID: 17852467
    Extensive studies have been carried out on the effect of temperature and salt concentration on the theological behavior of whey proteins and different starches individually, but not on mixed dispersions of whey protein isolates and starches. In the present studies, the rheological behavior of cross-linked waxy maize starch and whey protein isolate mixed dispersions during heating at 60-85 degrees C was investigated. Further, the effect of CaCl2 (25-100 mM ionic strengths) on the gelatinization of these dispersions was determined. It was found that at a 2:3 ratio and a 3:2 ratio of cross-linked waxy maize starch to whey protein isolate mixed gels form a compatible networkmM concentration the solution viscosity was higher.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry*
  8. Lai KC, Hiew BYZ, Lee LY, Gan S, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Chiu WS, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2019 Feb;274:134-144.
    PMID: 30502604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.048
    Graphene oxide/chitosan aerogel (GOCA) was prepared by a facile ice-templating technique without using any cross-linking reagent for metanil yellow dye sequestration. The adsorption performance of GOCA was investigated by varying the adsorbent mass, shaking speed, initial pH, contact time, concentration and temperature. The combined effects of adsorption parameters and the optimum conditions for dye removal were determined by response surface methodology. GOCA exhibited large removal efficiencies (91.5-96.4%) over a wide pH range (3-8) and a high adsorption capacity of 430.99 mg/g at 8 mg adsorbent mass, 400 mg/L concentration, 35.19 min contact time and 175 rpm shaking speed. The adsorption equilibrium was best represented by the Langmuir model. GOCA could be easily separated after adsorption and regenerated for re-use in 5 adsorption-desorption cycles thereby maintaining 80% of its adsorption capability. The relatively high adsorption and regeneration capabilities of GOCA render it an attractive adsorbent for treatment of azo dye-polluted water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  9. Bin Sintang MD, Danthine S, Patel AR, Rimaux T, Van De Walle D, Dewettinck K
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2017 Oct 15;504:387-396.
    PMID: 28586736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.114
    In order to modify the self-assembly of sucrose esters (SEs) in sunflower oil, we added sunflower lecithin (SFL) as co-surfactant. It is hypothesized that SFL modifies the self-assembly of SEs by interrupting the extensive hydrogen bonding between SEs monomers. The addition of SFL into SEs induced gelation of the mixed surfactant system oleogels at all studied ratios. The 7:3 SEs:SFL combination showed enhanced rheological properties compared to the other studied ratios, which suggests better molecular ordering induced by SFL. The modifications might have been caused by interference in the hydrogen bonding, connecting the polar heads of SEs molecules in the presence of SFL. This effect was confirmed by thermal behavior and small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) analysis. From the crystallization and melting analyses, it was shown that the peak temperature, shape and enthalpy decreased as the SFL ratio increases. Meanwhile, the bi-component oleogels exhibited new peaks in the SAXD profile, which imply a self-assembly modification. The microscopic study through polarized and electrons revealed a change in the structure. Therefore, it can be concluded that a synergistic effect between SEs and SFL, more particularly at 7:3 ratio, towards sunflower oil structuring could be obtained. These findings shed light for greater applications of SEs as structuring and carrier agent in foods and pharmaceutical.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry*
  10. Hsin YK, Thangarajoo T, Choudhury H, Pandey M, Meng LW, Gorain B
    J Pharm Sci, 2023 Feb;112(2):562-572.
    PMID: 36096286 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.002
    Vaginal candidiasis is a common form of infection in women caused by Candida species. Due to several drawbacks of conventional treatments, the current research is attempted to formulate and optimize a miconazole nitrate-loaded in situ spray gel for vaginal candidiasis. The stimuli-responsive (pH and thermo-responsive) polymers selected for the in situ gel were chitosan and poloxamer 407, respectively, whereas hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was introduced in the formulation to further improve the mucoadhesive property. The dispersion of each polymer was carried out using the cold method, whereas the optimization of the formulation was achieved using Box-Behnken statistical design considering viscosity and gelation temperature as dependent variables. Present design achieved the optimized outcome with HPMC, poloxamer and chitosan at 0.52% (w/v), 18.68% (w/v) and 0.41% (w/v), respectively. Evaluation of drug-excipients compatibility was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis where the results showed the absence of any chemical interaction between the polymers and drug component. The optimized formulation showed gelation temperature at 31°C allowing in situ phase transition in a vaginal environment; pH of 4.21 is suitable for use in the vaginal cavity, and appropriate viscosity (290 cP) at storage temperature (below 30°C) would allow spraying at ease, whereas strong mucoadhesive force (22.4±0.513 g) would prevent leaking of the formulation after application. The drug release profile showed sustained release up to 24 h with a cumulative drug release of 81.72%, which is significantly better than the marketed miconazole nitrate cream. In addition, an improved antifungal activity could be correlated to the sustained release of the drug from the formulation. Finally, the safety of the formulation was established while tested on HaCaT cell lines. Based on our findings, it could be concluded that the in situ hydrogel formulation using stimuli-responsive polymers could be a viable alternative to the conventional dosage form that can help to reduce the frequency of administration with ease of application to the site of infection, thus will provide better patient compliance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  11. Ong WD, Tey BT, Quek SY, Tang SY, Chan ES
    J Food Sci, 2015 Jan;80(1):E93-E100.
    PMID: 25529579 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12729
    Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-gel systems containing high oil payloads are of increasing interest for food applications because of the reduction in encapsulation cost, consumption frequency or volume of food products. This study shows a facile approach to prepare stable alginate-based O/W emulsions at high oil loading using a mixture of nonionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 20) as a template to form gelled-emulsions. The synergistic effects of alginate and surfactants on the O/W emulsion properties were evaluated in terms of oil droplet size and emulsion stability. At 2% (w/v) of alginate and 1% (w/v) of surfactants, the size distribution of oil droplets was narrow and monomodal, even at an oil loading of 70% (v/v). The emulsions formed were stable against phase separation. The oil droplet size could be further reduced to below 1 μm using a high-shear homogenizer. The emulsions formed could be easily molded and gelled into solids of different shapes via ionic gelation. The findings of this study create possible avenues for applications in food industries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  12. Feng Z, Wagatsuma Y, Kikuchi M, Kosawada T, Nakamura T, Sato D, et al.
    Biomaterials, 2014 Sep;35(28):8078-91.
    PMID: 24976242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.072
    Fibroblast-mediated compaction of collagen gels attracts extensive attention in studies of wound healing, cellular fate processes, and regenerative medicine. However, the underlying mechanism and the cellular mechanical niche still remain obscure. This study examines the mechanical behaviour of collagen fibrils during the process of compaction from an alternative perspective on the primary mechanical interaction, providing a new viewpoint on the behaviour of populated fibroblasts. We classify the collagen fibrils into three types - bent, stretched, and adherent - and deduce the respective equations governing the mechanical behaviour of each type; in particular, from a putative principle based on the stationary state of the instantaneous Hamiltonian of the mechanotransduction system, we originally quantify the stretching force exerted on each stretched fibrils. Via careful verification of a structural elementary model based on this classification, we demonstrate a clear physical picture of the compaction process, quantitatively elucidate the panorama of the micro mechanical niche and reveal an intrinsic biphasic relationship between cellular traction force and matrix elasticity. Our results also infer the underlying mechanism of tensional homoeostasis and stress shielding of fibroblasts. With this study, and sequel investigations on the putative principle proposed herein, we anticipate a refocus of the research on cellular mechanobiology, in vitro and in vivo.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  13. Omar MM, Wan Ibrahim WA, Elbashir AA
    Food Chem, 2014 Sep 1;158:302-9.
    PMID: 24731346 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.045
    A sol-gel hybrid sorbent, methyltrimethoxysilane-tetraethoxysilane (MTMOS-TEOS) was successfully used as new dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) sorbent material in the determination of acrylamide in several Sudanese foods and analysis using GC-MS. Several important dSPE parameters were optimised. Under the optimised conditions, excellent linearity (r(2)>0.9998) was achieved using matrix matched standard calibration in the concentration range 50-1000 μg kg(-1). The limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification ranged from 9.1 to 12.8 μg/kg and 27.8-38.9 μg/kg, respectively. The precision (RSD%) of the method was ⩽6.6% and recoveries of acrylamide obtained were in the range of 88-103%, (n=3). The LOD obtained is comparable with the LODs of primary secondary amine dSPE. The proposed MTMOS-TEOS dSPE method is direct and safe for acrylamide analysis, showed reliable method validation performances and good cleanup effects. It was successfully applied to the analysis of acrylamide in real food samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  14. Abdullah WR, Zakaria A, Ghazali MS
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(4):5278-89.
    PMID: 22606043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13045278
    High demands on low-voltage electronics have increased the need for zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors with fast response, highly non-linear current-voltage characteristics and energy absorption capabilities at low breakdown voltage. However, trade-off between breakdown voltage and grain size poses a critical bottle-neck in the production of low-voltage varistors. The present study highlights the synthesis mechanism for obtaining praseodymium oxide (Pr(6)O(11)) based ZnO varistor ceramics having breakdown voltages of 2.8 to 13.3 V/mm through employment of direct modified citrate gel coating technique. Precursor powder and its ceramics were examined by means of TG/DTG, FTIR, XRD and FESEM analyses. The electrical properties as a function of Pr(6)O(11) addition were analyzed on the basis of I-V characteristic measurement. The breakdown voltage could be adjusted from 0.01 to 0.06 V per grain boundary by controlling the amount of Pr(6)O(11) from 0.2 to 0.8 mol%, without alteration of the grain size. The non-linearity coefficient, α, varied from 3.0 to 3.5 and the barrier height ranged from 0.56 to 0.64 eV. Breakdown voltage and α lowering with increasing Pr(6)O(11) content were associated to reduction in the barrier height caused by variation in O vacancies at grain boundary.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  15. Tamilvanan S, Karmegam S
    Pharm Dev Technol, 2012 Jul-Aug;17(4):494-501.
    PMID: 21609308 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.550622
    Methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture (1:1 and 1:1.5 ratios) was incorporated into calcium alginate beads by a coacervation method involving an ionotropic gelation/polyelectrolyte complexation approach.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  16. Lew LC, Bhat R, Easa AM, Liong MT
    J Sci Food Agric, 2011 Jun;91(8):1406-15.
    PMID: 21384373 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4325
    Probiotics are live micro-organisms that exert beneficial effects on their host. A high survival rate during gastrointestinal transit and storage is often desirable. The main aim of this study was to develop protective carriers for probiotics via the use of enzymatically crosslinked soy protein isolate incorporated with agrowastes such as banana peel, banana pulp, cempedak rind and cocoa rind.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  17. Gan CY, Alkarkhi AF, Easa AM
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2009 Apr;107(4):366-72.
    PMID: 19332294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.12.007
    D-optimal design was employed to optimize the mixture of cross-linking agents formulation: microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and ribose, and the processing parameters (i.e. incubation and heating time) in the mixture in order to obtain combined-cross-linked bovine serum albumin gels that have high gel strength, pH close to neutral and yet medium in browning. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the contribution of quadratic term to the model over the linear was significant for pH and L* value, whereas linear model was significant for gel strength. Optimization study using response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to the mixture components and process variables and the optimum conditions obtained were: MTGase of 1.34-1.43 g/100 mL, ribose of 1.07-1.16 g/100 mL, incubation time of 5 h at 40 degrees C and heating time of 3 h at 90 degrees C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry*
  18. Karim AA, Toon LC, Lee VP, Ong WY, Fazilah A, Noda T
    J Food Sci, 2007 Mar;72(2):C132-8.
    PMID: 17995828
    Effects of phosphorus content (510 to 987 ppm) on the gelatinization and retrogradation of 6 potato cultivars (Benimaru, Hokkaikogane, Irish Cobbler, Konafubuki, Sakurafubuki, and Touya) were studied. Pasting properties were analyzed by RVA, thermal properties by DSC, and mechanical properties of the starch gels by TA. Phosphorus was positively correlated with swelling power (r= 0.84) and negatively correlated with solubility (r= 0.83). Phosphorus content showed significant effect on certain pasting properties of potato starch such as peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback. Phosphorus content showed a significant positive correlation with peak viscosity (r= 0.95) and breakdown (r= 0.90). Increasing concentration of phosphorus tends to decrease the setback. Phosphorus content had no influence on thermal properties and mechanical properties of potato starch gel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry
  19. Tan YT, Peh KK, Al-Hanbali O
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2000;1(3):E24.
    PMID: 14727910
    This study examined the mechanical (hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) and rheological (zero-rate viscosity and thixotropy) properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) gels that contain different ratios of Carbopol 934P (CP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVP). Mechanical properties were examined using a texture analyzer (TA-XT2), and rheological properties were examined using a rheometer (Rheomat 115A). In addition, lidocaine release from gels was evaluated using a release apparatus simulating the buccal condition. The results indicated that an increase in CP concentration significantly increased gel compressibility, hardness, and adhesiveness, factors that affect ease of gel removal from container, ease of gel application onto mucosal membrane, and gel bioadhesion. However, CP concentration was negatively correlated with gel cohesiveness, a factor representing structural reformation. In contrast, PVP concentration was negatively correlated with gel hardness and compressibility, but positively correlated with gel cohesiveness. All PEG gels exhibited pseudoplastic flow with thixotropy, indicating a general loss of consistency with increased shearing stress. Drug release T50% was affected by the flow rate of the simulated saliva solution. A reduction in the flow rate caused a slower drug release and hence a higher T50% value. In addition, drug release was significantly reduced as the concentrations of CP and PVP increased because of the increase in zero-rate viscosity of the gels. Response surfaces and contour plots of the dependent variables further substantiated that various combinations of CP and PVP in the PEG gels offered a wide range of mechanical, rheological, and drug-release characteristics. A combination of CP and PVP with complementary physical properties resulted in a prolonged buccal drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry*
  20. Shi W, Ching YC, Chuah CH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Feb 15;170:751-767.
    PMID: 33412201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.214
    Spherical aerogels are not easily broken during use and are easier to transport and store which can be used as templates for drug delivery. This review summarizes the possible approaches for the preparation of aerogel beads and microspheres based on chitosan and cellulose, an overview to the methods of manufacturing droplets is presented, afterwards, the transition mechanisms from sol to a spherical gel are reviewed in detail followed by different drying processes to obtain spherical aerogels with porous structures. Additionally, a specific focus is given to aerogel beads and microspheres to be regarded as drug delivery carriers. Furthermore, a core/shell architecture of aerogel beads and microspheres for controlled drug release is described and subjected to inspire readers to create novel drug release system. Finally, the conclusions and outlooks of aerogel beads and microspheres for drug delivery are summarized.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gels/chemistry*
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