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Alginate-based matrix tablets for drug delivery

Veronica N, Heng PWS, Liew CV

Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2023 Jan;20(1):115-130.
PMID: 36503355 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2158183

INTRODUCTION: As a nature-derived polymer with swelling and gelling properties, alginate has found wide biopharma-relevant applications. However, there is comparatively limited attention on alginate in tablet formulations. Therefore, this review aimed to provide an overview of the applications of alginate in solid dosage form formulations.
AREAS COVERED: This review outlines the role of alginate for oral sustained release formulations. For better insights into its application in drug delivery, the mechanisms of drug release from alginate matrices are discussed alongside the alginate inherent properties and drug properties. Specifically, the influence of alginate properties and formulation components on the resultant alginate gel and subsequent drug release is reviewed. Modifications of the alginate to improve its properties in modulating drug release are also discussed.
EXPERT OPINION: Alginate-based matrix tablets is useful for sustaining drug release. As a nature-derived polymer, batch consistency and stability raise some concerns about employing alginate in formulations. Furthermore, the alginate gel properties can be affected by formulation components, pH of the dissolution environment and the tablet matrix micro-environment pH. Conscientious efforts are pivotal to addressing these formulation challenges to increase the utilization of alginate in oral solid dosage forms.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Investigating metal removal potential by Effective Microorganisms (EM) in alginate-immobilized and free-cell forms

Ting ASY, Rahman NHA, Isa MIHM, Tan WS

Bioresour Technol, 2013 Nov;147:636-639.
PMID: 24001691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.064

Metal removal potential of both alginate-immobilized and free-cells of Effective Microorganisms (EM-1™ Inoculant) was investigated in this study. Results revealed that removal of Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) followed a similar trend where alginate-immobilized EM were more efficient compared to free-cells of EM. For these metals, 0.940, 2.695 and 4.011 mg g(-1) of Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) were removed compared to only 0.160, 0.859 and 0.755 mg ml(-1) removed by free-cells, respectively. The higher efficiency of alginate-immobilized EM was primarily attributed to the alginate matrix. This was evident when both alginate-immobilized EM and plain alginate beads (without EM), were not significantly different in their removal efficacies. Presence of alginate also enhanced the use of the biosorbents as maximum metal sorption was achieved after 120 min as opposed to only 60 min for free-cells. EM per se in immobilized or free-cell forms did not enhance metal removal efficacy.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Development and physicochemical characterization of alginate composite film loaded with simvastatin as a potential wound dressing

Rezvanian M, Amin MCIM, Ng SF

Carbohydr Polym, 2016 Feb 10;137:295-304.
PMID: 26686133 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.091

Previously, studies have demonstrated that topical application of simvastatin can promote wound healing in diabetic mice via augmentation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. This study aimed to formulate and characterize simvastatin in alginate-based composite film wound dressings. Biopolymers used for composite films were sodium alginate blended with pectin or gelatin. The films were prepared and characterized based on their physical properties, surface morphology, mechanical strength and rheology. Then, in vitro drug releases from the films were investigated and, finally, the cell viability assay was performed to assess the cytotoxicity profile. From the pre-formulation studies, alginate/pectin composite film showed to possess desirable wound dressing properties and superior mechanical properties. The in vitro drug release profile revealed that alginate/pectin film produced a controlled release drug profile, and cell viability assay showed that the film was non-toxic. In summary, alginate/pectin composite film is suitable to be formulated with simvastatin as a potential wound dressing.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Polygalacturonase production by calcium alginate immobilized Enterobacter aerogenes NBO2 cells

Darah I, Nisha M, Lim SH

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2015 Mar;175(5):2629-36.
PMID: 25547814 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1447-4

Bacterial cells of Enterobacter aerogenes NBO2 were entrapped in calcium alginate beads in order to enhance polygalacturonase production compared to free cells. The optimized condition of 5 % (w/v) sodium alginate concentration, agitation speed of 250 rpm, and 15 beads of calcium alginate with inoculum size of 4 % (v/v; 5.4 × 10(7) cells/ml) produced 23.48 U/mL of polygalacturonase compared to free cells of 18.54 U/ml. There was about 26.6 % increment in polygalaturonase production. However, in this study, there was 296.6 % of increment in polygalacturonase production after improvement parameters compared to before improvement parameters of calcium alginate bead immobilization cells (5.92 U/ml). This research has indicated that optimized physical parameters of calcium alginate bead immobilization cells have significantly enhanced the production of polygalacturonase.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Alginate-based emulsion template containing high oil loading stabilized by nonionic surfactants

Ong WD, Tey BT, Quek SY, Tang SY, Chan ES

J Food Sci, 2015 Jan;80(1):E93-E100.
PMID: 25529579 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12729

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-gel systems containing high oil payloads are of increasing interest for food applications because of the reduction in encapsulation cost, consumption frequency or volume of food products. This study shows a facile approach to prepare stable alginate-based O/W emulsions at high oil loading using a mixture of nonionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 20) as a template to form gelled-emulsions. The synergistic effects of alginate and surfactants on the O/W emulsion properties were evaluated in terms of oil droplet size and emulsion stability. At 2% (w/v) of alginate and 1% (w/v) of surfactants, the size distribution of oil droplets was narrow and monomodal, even at an oil loading of 70% (v/v). The emulsions formed were stable against phase separation. The oil droplet size could be further reduced to below 1 μm using a high-shear homogenizer. The emulsions formed could be easily molded and gelled into solids of different shapes via ionic gelation. The findings of this study create possible avenues for applications in food industries.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Alginate-immobilized bentonite clay: adsorption efficacy and reusability for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution

Tan WS, Ting AS

Bioresour Technol, 2014 May;160:115-8.
PMID: 24405651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.056

This study evaluated the use of alginate-immobilized bentonite to remove Cu(II) as an alternative to mitigate clogging problems. The adsorption efficacy (under the influence of time, pH and initial Cu(II) concentration) and reusability of immobilized-bentonite (1% w/v bentonite) was tested against plain alginate beads. Results revealed that immobilized bentonite demonstrated significantly higher sorption efficacy compared to plain alginate beads with 114.70 and 94.04 mg Cu(II) adsorbed g(-1) adsorbent, respectively. Both sorbents were comparable in other aspects where sorption equilibrium was achieved within 6 h, with optimum pH between pH 4 and 5 for adsorption, displayed maximum adsorption capacity at initial Cu(II) concentrations of 400 mg l(-1), and demonstrated excellent reusability potential with desorption greater than 90% throughout three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. Both sorbents also conformed to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Immobilized bentonite is therefore recommended for use in water treatments to remove Cu(II) without clogging the system.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
In vitro evaluation of chitosan coated- and uncoated-calcium alginate beads containing methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture

Tamilvanan S, Karmegam S

Pharm Dev Technol, 2012 Jul-Aug;17(4):494-501.
PMID: 21609308 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.550622

Methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture (1:1 and 1:1.5 ratios) was incorporated into calcium alginate beads by a coacervation method involving an ionotropic gelation/polyelectrolyte complexation approach.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Pb(II) biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads: equilibrium, ion exchange and mechanism studies

Ngah WS, Fatinathan S

J Environ Sci (China), 2010;22(3):338-46.
PMID: 20614774

The study examined the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads. Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(II) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and different initial concentration of Pb(II) ions were evaluated. The mechanism involved during the adsorption process was explored based on ion exchange study and using spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption capacities obtained based on non-linear Langmuir isotherm for chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads in single metal system were 34.98, 14.24 and 60.27 mg/g, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions were reduced in the binary metal system due to the competitive adsorption between Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions. Based on the ion exchange study, the release of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ ions played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by all three adsorbents but only at lower concentrations of Pb(II) ions. Infrared spectra showed that the binding between Pb(II) ions and the adsorbents involved mostly the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. All three adsorbents showed satisfactory adsorption capacities and can be considered as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Comparison of alginate and pectin based beads for production of poultry probiotic cells

Voo WP, Ravindra P, Tey BT, Chan ES

J Biosci Bioeng, 2011 Mar;111(3):294-9.
PMID: 21216192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.11.010

A comparative study on the stability and potential of alginate and pectin based beads for production of poultry probiotic cells using MRS medium in repeated batch fermentation was conducted. The bead cores, made of three types of materials, i.e., ca-alginate, ca-pectinate and ca-alginate/pectinate, were compared. The effect of single and double layer coatings using chitosan and core material, respectively, on the bead stability and cell production were also studied. The pectin based beads were found to be more stable than that of the alginate beads and their stability was further improved by coating with chitosan. The cell concentration in pectin based beads was comparable to that in the alginate beads. On the other hand, pectin based beads gave significantly lower cell concentration in the growth medium for the initial fermentation cycles when compared to the alginate beads. In conclusion, pectin was found to be potential encapsulation material for probiotic cell production owing to its stability and favourable microenvironment for cell growth.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Three dimensional alginate-fucoidan composite hydrogel augments the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells

Karunanithi P, Murali MR, Samuel S, Raghavendran HRB, Abbas AA, Kamarul T

Carbohydr Polym, 2016 08 20;147:294-303.
PMID: 27178935 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.102

Presence of sulfated polysaccharides like heparan sulphate has often been implicated in the regulation of chondrogenesis. However, recently there has been a plethora of interest in the use of non-animal extracted analogs of heparan sulphate. Here we remodeled alginate (1.5%) by incorporating fucoidan (0.5%), a natural sulphated polysaccharide extracted from seaweeds to form a composite hydrogel (Al-Fu), capable of enhancing chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). We confirmed the efficiency of fucoidan incorporation by FTIR and EDX analysis. Further, its ability to support hMSC attachment and chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by SEM, biochemical glycosaminoglycan quantification, real-time quantitative PCR and immunocytochemical analyses of chondrogenic markers Sox-9, Collagen II, Aggrecan and COMP. Effect of Al-Fu hydrogel on hMSC hypertrophy was also confirmed by the downregulation of hypertrophic genes Collagen X and Runx2. This composite scaffold can hence be used as a cartilage biomimetic biomaterial to drive hMSC chondrogenesis and for other cartilage repair based therapies.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Magnetic nanocellulose alginate hydrogel beads as potential drug delivery system

Supramaniam J, Adnan R, Mohd Kaus NH, Bushra R

Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Oct 15;118(Pt A):640-648.
PMID: 29894784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.043

Magnetic nanocellulose alginate hydrogel beads are produced from the assembly of alginate and magnetic nanocellulose (m-CNCs) as a potential drug delivery system. The m-CNCs were synthesized from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that were isolated from rice husks (RH) by co-precipitation method and were incorporated into alginate-based hydrogel beads with the aim of enhancing mechanical strength and regulating drug release behavior. Ibuprofen was chosen as a model drug. The prepared CNCs, m-CNCs and the alginate hydrogel beads were characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer studies (VSM). Besides the magnetic property, the presence of m-CNCs increased the integrity of the alginate hydrogel beads and the swelling percentage. The drug release study exhibited a controlled release profiles and based on the drug release data, the drug release mechanism was analyzed and discussed based on mathematical models such as Korsmeyer-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Effects of microwave on drug-release responses of spray-dried alginate microspheres

Mardziah RE, Wong TW

Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2010 Oct;36(10):1149-67.
PMID: 20380595 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003695063

Microspheres prepared from rigid guluronic acid- (MG) and flexible mannuronic acid-rich (MC) alginate will undergo different drug release changes with respect to the influence of microwave on the matrix. An in-depth understanding of their differences in drug release changes is attainable through investigating cross-linking agent-free alginate microspheres prepared by spray-drying technique.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Effects of Environmental Stresses and in Vitro Digestion on the Release of Tocotrienols Encapsulated Within Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules

Tan PY, Tan TB, Chang HW, Tey BT, Chan ES, Lai OM, et al.

J Agric Food Chem, 2017 Dec 06;65(48):10651-10657.
PMID: 29124932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03521

Considering the health benefits of tocotrienols, continuous works have been done on the encapsulation and delivery of these compounds. In this study, we encapsulated tocotrienols in chitosan-alginate microcapsules and evaluated their release profile. Generally, these tocotrienols microcapsules (TM) displayed high thermal stability. When subjected to pH adjustments (pH 1-9), we observed that the release of tocotrienols was the highest (33.78 ± 0.18%) under basic conditions. The TM were also unstable against the effect of ionic strength, with a high release (70.73 ± 0.04%) of tocotrienols even at a low sodium chloride concentration (50 mM). As for the individual isomers, δ-tocotrienol was the most sensitive to pH and ionic strength. In contrast, β-/γ-tocotrienols were the most ionic-stable isomers but more responsive toward thermal treatment. Simulated gastrointestinal model showed that the chitosan-alginate-based TM could be used to retain tocotrienols in the gastric and subsequently release them in the intestines for possible absorption.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release

Hasnain MS, Nayak AK, Singh M, Tabish M, Ansari MT, Ara TJ

Int J Biol Macromol, 2016 Feb;83:71-7.
PMID: 26608007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.044

Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release were developed through incorporation of nano-hydroxyapatite [nHAp] powders within ionotropically-gelled calcium ion-induced alginate-poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends polymeric systems. nHAp powders were synthesized by precipitation technique using calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and orthophosphoric acid [H3PO4] as raw materials. The average particle size of these was synthesized. nHAp powders was found as 19.04 nm and used to prepare nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS. These beads exhibited drug entrapment efficiency (%) of 65.82±1.88 to 94.45±3.72% and average bead sizes of 0.98±0.07 to 1.23±0.15 mm. These beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform-infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. Various nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS exhibited prolonged sustained drug release and followed the Koresmeyer-Peppas model of drug release (R2=0.9908-0.9978) with non-Fickian release (anomalous transport) mechanism (n=0.73-0.84) for drug release over 8 h.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Effect of alginate and chitosan on viability and release behavior of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in simulated gastrointestinal fluid

Kamalian N, Mirhosseini H, Mustafa S, Manap MY

Carbohydr Polym, 2014 Oct 13;111:700-6.
PMID: 25037405 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.014

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different coating materials (i.e. Na-alginate and chitosan) on the viability and release behavior of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). This study reports the viability of encapsulated B. pseudocatenulatum G4 coated using different alginate (2-4 g/100mL) and chitosan (0.2-0.8 g/100mL) concentrations. The results indicated that the highest concentration of alginate (4.4142 g/100mL) along with 0.5578 g/100mL chitosan resulted in the highest viability of B. pseudocatenulatum G4. The release behavior of the encapsulated probiotics in SGF (pH 1.5) in 2h followed by 4h in SIF (pH 7.4) was also assessed. The resistance rate of alginate-chitosan capsule in SGF was higher than SIF. The alginate-chitosan encapsulated cells had also more resistance than alginate capsules. The current study revealed that alginate encapsulated B. Pseudocatenulatum G4 exhibited longer survival than its free cells (control).

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Fulltext Development and characterization of novel porous 3D alginate-cockle shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffold

Bharatham BH, Abu Bakar MZ, Perimal EK, Yusof LM, Hamid M

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:146723.
PMID: 25110655 DOI: 10.1155/2014/146723

A novel porous three-dimensional bone scaffold was developed using a natural polymer (alginate/Alg) in combination with a naturally obtained biomineral (nano cockle shell powder/nCP) through lyophilization techniques. The scaffold was developed in varying composition mixture of Alg-nCP and characterized using various evaluation techniques as well as preliminary in vitro studies on MG63 human osteoblast cells. Morphological observations using SEM revealed variations in structures with the use of different Alg-nCP composition ratios. All the developed scaffolds showed a porous structure with pore sizes ideal for facilitating new bone growth; however, not all combination mixtures showed subsequent favorable characteristics to be used for biological applications. Scaffolds produced using the combination mixture of 40% Alg and 60% nCP produced significantly promising results in terms of mechanical strength, degradation rate, and increased cell proliferation rates making it potentially the optimum composition mixture of Alg-nCP with future application prospects.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Nanoparticulate assembly of mannuronic acid- and guluronic acid-rich alginate: oral insulin carrier and glucose binder

Kadir A, Mokhtar MT, Wong TW

J Pharm Sci, 2013 Dec;102(12):4353-63.
PMID: 24258282 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23742

The relationship of high and low molecular weight mannuronic acid (M)- and guluronic acid (G)-rich alginate nanoparticles as oral insulin carrier was elucidated. Nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation using Ca(2+) , and then in vitro physicochemical attributes and in vivo antidiabetic characteristics were examined. The alginate nanoparticles had insulin release retarded when the matrices had high alginate-to-insulin ratio or strong alginate-insulin interaction via OH moiety. High molecular weight M-rich alginate nanoparticles were characterized by assemblies of long polymer chains that enabled insulin encapsulation with weaker polymer-drug interaction than nanoparticles prepared from other alginate grades. They were able to encapsulate and yet release and have insulin absorbed into systemic circulation, thereby lowering rat blood glucose. High molecular weight G- and low molecular weight M-rich alginate nanoparticles showed remarkable polymer-insulin interaction. This retarded the drug release and negated its absorption. Blood glucose lowering was, however, demonstrated in vivo with insulin-free matrices of these nanoparticles because of the strong alginate-glucose binding that led to intestinal glucose retention. Alginate nanoparticles can be used as oral insulin carrier or glucose binder in the treatment of diabetes as a function of its chemical composition. High molecular weight M-rich alginate nanoparticles are a suitable vehicle for future development into oral insulin carrier.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Preparation, characterisation and viability of encapsulated Trichoderma harzianum UPM40 in alginate-montmorillonite clay

Adzmi F, Meon S, Musa MH, Yusuf NA

J Microencapsul, 2012;29(3):205-10.
PMID: 22309479 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.659286

Microencapsulation is a process by which tiny parcels of an active ingredient are packaged within a second material for the purpose of shielding the active ingredient from the surrounding environment. This study aims to determine the ability of the microencapsulation technique to improve the viability of Trichoderma harzianum UPM40 originally isolated from healthy groundnut roots as effective biological control agents (BCAs). Alginate was used as the carrier for controlled release, and montmorillonite clay (MMT) served as the filler. The encapsulated Ca-alginate-MMT beads were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR results showed the interaction between the functional groups of alginate and MMT in the Ca-alginate-MMT beads. Peaks at 1595, 1420 and 1020 cm(-1) characterised alginate, and peaks at 1028 and 453 cm(-1) characterised MMT; both sets of peaks appeared in the Ca-alginate-MMT FTIR spectrum. The TGA analysis showed an improvement in the thermal stability of the Ca-alginate-MMT beads compared with the alginate beads alone. SEM analysis revealed a homogeneous distribution of the MMT particles throughout the alginate matrix. T. harzianum UPM40 was successfully encapsulated in the Ca-alginate-MMT beads. Storage analysis of the encapsulated T. harzianum UPM40 showed that the low storage temperature of 5°C resulted in significantly (p

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Modified PVA-alginate encapsulated photocatalyst ferro photo gels for Cr(VI) reduction

Idris A, Misran E, Hassan N, Abd Jalil A, Seng CE

J Hazard Mater, 2012 Aug 15;227-228:309-16.
PMID: 22682796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.065

In this study magnetic separable photocatalyst beads containing maghemite nanoparticles (γ-Fe(2)O(3)) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer were prepared and used in the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in an aqueous solution under sunlight. The unique superparamagnetic property of the photocatalyst contributed by the γ-Fe(2)O(3) and robust property of PVA polymer allow the magnetic beads to be recovered easily and reused for at least 7 times without washing. The concentration of γ-Fe(2)O(3) was varied from 8% (v/v) to 27% (v/v) and the results revealed that the beads with 8% (v/v) γ-Fe(2)O(3) exhibited the best performance where Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in only 30 min under sunlight. The use of the PVA has improved the bead properties and life cycle of beads which is in line with sustainable practices.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
Formation and characterization of pDNA-loaded alginate microspheres for oral administration in mice

Nograles N, Abdullah S, Shamsudin MN, Billa N, Rosli R

J Biosci Bioeng, 2012 Feb;113(2):133-40.
PMID: 22093752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.10.003

Alginate, a natural polysaccharide, was explored in this study as an oral delivery vehicle of a mammalian expression vector into the murine intestinal mucosa. Alginate microspheres were produced through water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification method. Average diameter sizes of microspheres were 46.88 μm±3.07 μm with significant size reduction upon utilization of 1.0% Span80. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) carrying green fluorescent protein reporter gene (GFP), pVAX-GFP, was encapsulated within microspheres at efficiencies of 72.9 to 74.4%, carrying maximum load of 6 μg pDNA. Alginate microspheres demonstrated shrinkage in pH 1.2 and swelling in pH 9.0 with pDNA release about twice the amount released in acidic environment. Oral delivery of pVAX-GFP loaded-microspheres, at 50 μg, 100 μg and 150 μg dose, was performed on BALB/c mice. Tissue biodistribution, investigated through flow cytometric analysis, demonstrated GFP positive intestinal cells (<1.0%) with 1.3-fold higher levels for the 100 μg dose; therefore suggesting feasibility of the approach for oral gene delivery and vaccination.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucuronic Acid/chemistry

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