Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 37 in total

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  1. Kow CS, Merchant HA, Hasan SS
    J Infect, 2021 Jul;83(1):e14-e15.
    PMID: 33992685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.008
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  2. Merchant HA, Kow CS, Hasan SS
    Expert Rev Respir Med, 2021 08;15(8):973-978.
    PMID: 33573416 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1890035
    Introduction: The first confirmed COVID-19 case in UK dates to 11 January 2020, exhibiting its first peak during April 2020. The country has since been hit by another wave in the winter 2020, almost at the first anniversary of the pandemic.Areas covered: An in-depth analysis of the COVID-19 positive cases in the UK throughout the year, hospitalizations, patients in critical care, and COVID-19 associated deaths.Expert opinion: The COVID-19 associated hospital admission accounts to 15% of total COVID-19 positive cases in November 2020. The percentage of total COVID-19 positive patients in the country died from the disease was under 4% in November 2020. Total deaths in England (all-cause) from June to October 2020 were similar to the historic averages. Age was the single most determinator of COVID-19 associated mortality, 50 years or older accounted for 98% of total COVID deaths. Age distribution of COVID-19 associated deaths in 2020 was similar to all-cause mortality age distribution in 2019. There was no significant improvement in the survival rate of COVID-19 patients receiving critical care. This prompts an urgent need to invest in novel antiviral therapeutics to save the most vulnerable in the society.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  3. Mathers N, Khoo EM, McCarthy S, Thompson J, Low WY
    Br J Gen Pract, 2003 May;53(490):409.
    PMID: 12830578
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  4. Sahota A, Ong T, Kumar A, Simmonds L, Yoon WW, Salem K, et al.
    Osteoporos Int, 2021 02;32(2):395-396.
    PMID: 33392717 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05770-w
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  5. Ong T, Sahota O
    Injury, 2021 Oct;52(10):2903-2907.
    PMID: 34247765 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.06.028
    INTRODUCTION: Patients that require hospital admission for vertebral fragility fractures were older, multimorbid, frail, have cognitive impairment and were in severe pain. This study aimed to describe the hospital treatment received in one UK university hospital with the purpose of proposing what hospital services should look like.

    METHOD: This was an observational study of adults aged 50 years and over admitted to hospital over 12 months with an acute vertebral fragility fracture. Information was collected from patients and electronic health records on their presentation and hospital care.

    RESULTS: 90 patients were recruited into the study. 69% presented to hospital 24 h after the onset of their severe acute back pain. 38% had a concomitant medical diagnosis, such as an ongoing infection. X-ray of the spine was the most common imaging of choice to diagnose a fracture. There was variation in the content of the radiology reports. 46% or patients were managed on geriatric medicine wards, 39% on general medical wards, and followed by 14% on spinal surgical wards. Patients cared for by medical teams were older, frailer, had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment, more dependent for daily living and less mobile compared to those under the care of the spinal surgical team. Many patients on medical wards had input from spinal surgical team and vice versa. 9% proceeded to have vertebral augmentation. Despite many in severe pain, only a third were prescribed opioids with the median dose of morphine-equivalent was 10-20 mg daily for the first three days of admission. While in hospital, 31% developed a medical complication, with infection being the most common one. On discharge, 76% still required opioids and only 56% had a plan for their bone health.

    DISCUSSION: Improvements could be made to hospital vertebral fracture care. Many did not receive adequate pain relief and appropriate assessments to reduce their future fall and fracture risk. Most were medically managed. Quality standards and re-organising care in hip fracture has led to improved outcomes. A similar approach in vertebral fragility fractures might also deliver improved outcomes.

    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  6. Gupta R, Hasan MM, Islam SZ, Yasmin T, Uddin J
    PLoS One, 2023;18(6):e0287342.
    PMID: 37319267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287342
    The economic landscape of the United Kingdom has been significantly shaped by the intertwined issues of Brexit, COVID-19, and their interconnected impacts. Despite the country's robust and diverse economy, the disruptions caused by Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic have created uncertainty and upheaval for both businesses and individuals. Recognizing the magnitude of these challenges, academic literature has directed its attention toward conducting immediate research in this crucial area. This study sets out to investigate key economic factors that have influenced various sectors of the UK economy and have broader economic implications within the context of Brexit and COVID-19. The factors under scrutiny include the unemployment rate, GDP index, earnings, and trade. To accomplish this, a range of data analysis tools and techniques were employed, including the Box-Jenkins method, neural network modeling, Google Trend analysis, and Twitter-sentiment analysis. The analysis encompassed different periods: pre-Brexit (2011-2016), Brexit (2016-2020), the COVID-19 period, and post-Brexit (2020-2021). The findings of the analysis offer intriguing insights spanning the past decade. For instance, the unemployment rate displayed a downward trend until 2020 but experienced a spike in 2021, persisting for a six-month period. Meanwhile, total earnings per week exhibited a gradual increase over time, and the GDP index demonstrated an upward trajectory until 2020 but declined during the COVID-19 period. Notably, trade experienced the most significant decline following both Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the impact of these events exhibited variations across the UK's four regions and twelve industries. Wales and Northern Ireland emerged as the regions most affected by Brexit and COVID-19, with industries such as accommodation, construction, and wholesale trade particularly impacted in terms of earnings and employment levels. Conversely, industries such as finance, science, and health demonstrated an increased contribution to the UK's total GDP in the post-Brexit period, indicating some positive outcomes. It is worth highlighting that the impact of these economic factors was more pronounced on men than on women. Among all the variables analyzed, trade suffered the most severe consequences in the UK. By early 2021, the macroeconomic situation in the country was characterized by a simple dynamic: economic demand rebounded at a faster pace than supply, leading to shortages, bottlenecks, and inflation. The findings of this research carry significant value for the UK government and businesses, empowering them to adapt and innovate based on forecasts to navigate the challenges posed by Brexit and COVID-19. By doing so, they can promote long-term economic growth and effectively address the disruptions caused by these interrelated issues.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  7. Wang M, Xiao C, Ni P, Yu JJ, Wang XW, Sun H
    Chin Med J (Engl), 2018 Aug 20;131(16):1975-1982.
    PMID: 30082530 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.238140
    Background: Betel quid chewing has been a major risk factor for oral cancer (OC) in southern China. This study aimed to analyze the scientific publications on the relationship between betel quid chewing and OC and construct a model to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate pertinent publications from 1998 to 2017.

    Methods: The publications from 1998 to 2017 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Microsoft Excel, Thomson Data Analyzer, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication outcomes, journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, research areas, and research frontiers.

    Results: A total of 788 publications on the relationship between betel quid chewing and OC published until October 25, 2017, were identified. The top 4 related journals were Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine, Oral Oncology, Plos One, and International Journal of Cancer. The top five countries engaged in related research included China, India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. The corresponding disciplines, such as oncology, oral surgery, pathology, environmental and occupational health, and toxicology, were mainly concentrated in three disciplines. The subject terms squamous cell carcinoma, OC, betel quid, expression, oral submucous fibrosis, India, and p53 ranked first among research hotspots. The burst terms squamous cell carcinoma, OC, betel quid, and expression ranked first in research frontiers.

    Conclusions: Research in this area emphasized hotspots such as squamous cell carcinoma, OC, oral submucosal fibrosis, betel quid, and tobacco. The annual number of publications steadily decreased from 1998 to 2017, with a lack of a systematic study from interdisciplinary perspectives, inadequate pertinent journals, limited regions with the practice of betel quid chewing, and insufficient participation of researchers, which indicate that as the prevalence of OC increases, particularly in China, research in this area warrants further expansion.

    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  8. Yu X, Lu L, Guo J, Qin H, Ji C
    Comput Math Methods Med, 2022;2022:4168619.
    PMID: 35087601 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4168619
    Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread all over the world, causing unpredictable economic losses and public fear. Although vaccines against this virus have been developed and administered for months, many countries still suffer from secondary COVID-19 infections, including the United Kingdom, France, and Malaysia. Observations of COVID-19 infections in the United Kingdom and France and their governance measures showed a certain number of similarities. A further investigation of these countries' COVID-19 transmission patterns suggested that when a turning point appeared, the values of their stringency indices per population density (PSI) were nearly proportional to their absolute infection rate (AIR). To justify our assumptions, we developed a mathematical model named VSHR to predict the COVID-19 turning point for Malaysia. VSHR was first trained on 30-day infection records prior to the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Belgium's known turning points. It was then transferred to Malaysian COVID-19 data to predict this nation's turning point. Given the estimated AIR parameter values in 5 days, we were now able to locate the turning point's appearance on June 2nd, 2021. VSHR offered two improvements: (1) gathered countries into groups based on their SI patterns and (2) generated a model to identify the turning point for a target country within 5 days with 90% CI. Our research on COVID-19's turning point for a country is beneficial for governments and clinical systems against future COVID-19 infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  9. Lim PY, Huxley JN, Willshire JA, Green MJ, Othman AR, Kaler J
    Prev Vet Med, 2015 Mar 1;118(4):370-7.
    PMID: 25579605 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.12.015
    Recent studies have reported associations between lameness and body condition score (BCS) in dairy cattle, however the impact of change in the dynamics of BCS on both lameness occurrence and recovery is currently unknown. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the effect of change in BCS on the transitions from the non-lame to lame, and lame to non-lame states. A total of 731 cows with 6889 observations from 4 UK herds were included in the study. Mobility score (MS) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded every 13-15 days from July 2010 until December 2011. A multilevel multistate discrete time event history model was built to investigate the transition of lameness over time. There were 1042 non-lame episodes and 593 lame episodes of which 50% (519/1042) of the non-lame episodes transitioned to the lame state and 81% (483/593) of the lame episodes ended with a transition to the non-lame state. Cows with a lower BCS at calving (BCS Group 1 (1.00-1.75) and Group 2 (2.00-2.25)) had a higher probability of transition from non-lame to lame and a lower probability of transition from lame to non-lame compared to cows with BCS 2.50-2.75, i.e. they were more likely to become lame and if lame, they were less likely to recover. Similarly, cows who suffered a greater decrease in BCS (compared to their BCS at calving) had a higher probability of becoming lame and a lower probability of recovering in the next 15 days. An increase in BCS from calving was associated with the converse effect, i.e. a lower probability of cows moving from the non-lame to the lame state and higher probability of transition from lame to non-lame. Days in lactation, quarters of calving and parity were associated with both lame and non-lame transitions and there was evidence of heterogeneity among cows in lameness occurrence and recovery. This study suggests loss of BCS and increase of BCS could influence the risk of becoming lame and the chance of recovery from lameness. Regular monitoring and maintenance of BCS on farms could be a key tool for reducing lameness. Further work is urgently needed in this area to allow a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind these relationships.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  10. Tullo ES, Young TJ
    Int Psychogeriatr, 2014 Jan;26(1):165-71.
    PMID: 24135153 DOI: 10.1017/S1041610213001737
    BACKGROUND: The changing demographics of societies mean that medical students worldwide must be sufficiently prepared to care competently for patients with dementia through development of appropriate knowledge, skills, and attitudes. No previous research had explored undergraduate medical students' attitudes toward people with dementia.
    METHODS: An adapted version of the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire (ADQ) was completed by 501 medical undergraduates in years 1, 3, and 5 of their degree programs in the UK and Malaysia. Non-parametric statistical analysis focused on any differences between year groups and geographical locations.
    RESULTS: The mean ADQ response indicated a generally positive attitude across the sample, comparable with other healthcare professionals previously surveyed. Year 3 and year 5 students expressed significantly more positive attitudes than year 1 students. Year 1 students based in the UK expressed significantly more positive attitudes than year 1 student based in Malaysia, but there were no significant differences between year 3 students based in different locations.
    CONCLUSION: The more positive attitudes found amongst year 3 and year 5 students compared to year 1 may be a result of teaching emphasizing a person-centered approach. The differences between entry-level students from Malaysia and the UK may reflect variance in cultural norms and expectations, or the ADQ's "Western" origin. Medical schools aiming to equip students with dementia-specific skills and knowledge can draw on the generally positive attitudes found in this study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  11. Veerapen K, Mangat G, Watt I, Dieppe P
    Br J Rheumatol, 1993 Jul;32(7):541-5.
    PMID: 8339122
    Seventy consecutive patients with definite or classical RA attending a University Hospital Rheumatology Clinic in Malaysia, were compared with an age, sex, disease duration matched group of RA patients seen in a British University Hospital. There were no differences in measures of disease activity, overall functional status or serological status in the two groups. However significant differences were seen in both the articular and extra-articular manifestations of the disease in the two countries. British patients had more severe disease in the feet, and a higher prevalence of nodules, vasculitis and pulmonary fibrosis. The Malaysian population had fewer erosions, more frequent involvement of the wrists and cervical spine, and a much higher incidence of secondary sicca syndrome. Radiographic changes were generally milder in Malaysian patients. Possible reasons for these differences in the expression of RA in the two countries are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  12. Voracek M, Loibl LM, Swami V, Vintilă M, Kõlves K, Sinniah D, et al.
    Suicide Life Threat Behav, 2008 Dec;38(6):688-98.
    PMID: 19152299 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2008.38.6.688
    The genetics of suicide is increasingly recognized and relevant for mental health literacy, but actual beliefs may lag behind current knowledge. We examined such beliefs in student samples (total N = 686) from Estonia, Malaysia, Romania, the United Kingdom, and the United States with the Beliefs in the Inheritance of Risk Factors for Suicide Scale. Cultural effects were small, those of key demographics nil. Several facets of construct validity were demonstrated. Marked differences in perceived plausibility of evidence about the genetics of suicide according to research design, observed in all samples, may be of general interest for investigating lay theories of abnormal behavior and communicating behavioral and psychiatric genetic research findings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  13. Xiao B, Deng X, Ng EY, Allen JC, Lim SY, Ahmad-Annuar A, et al.
    JAMA Neurol, 2018 01 01;75(1):127-128.
    PMID: 29131875 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3363
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  14. Aladwani M, Lophatananon A, Robinson F, Rahman A, Ollier W, Kote-Jarai Z, et al.
    PLoS One, 2020;15(9):e0238928.
    PMID: 32941451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238928
    INTRODUCTION: Previous evidence has suggested a relationship between male self-reported body size and the risk of developing prostate cancer. In this UK-wide case-control study, we have explored the possible association of prostate cancer risk with male self-reported body size. We also investigated body shape as a surrogate marker for fat deposition around the body. As obesity and excessive adiposity have been linked with increased risk for developing a number of different cancers, further investigation of self-reported body size and shape and their potential relationship with prostate cancer was considered to be appropriate.

    OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to investigate whether underlying associations exist between prostate cancer risk and male self-reported body size and shape.

    METHODS: Data were collected from a large case-control study of men (1928 cases and 2043 controls) using self-administered questionnaires. Data from self-reported pictograms of perceived body size relating to three decades of life (20's, 30's and 40's) were recorded and analysed, including the pattern of change. The associations of self-identified body shape with prostate cancer risk were also explored.

    RESULTS: Self-reported body size for men in their 20's, 30's and 40's did not appear to be associated with prostate cancer risk. More than half of the subjects reported an increase in self-reported body size throughout these three decades of life. Furthermore, no association was observed between self-reported body size changes and prostate cancer risk. Using 'symmetrical' body shape as a reference group, subjects with an 'apple' shape showed a significant 27% reduction in risk (Odds ratio = 0.73, 95% C.I. 0.57-0.92).

    CONCLUSIONS: Change in self-reported body size throughout early to mid-adulthood in males is not a significant risk factor for the development of prostate cancer. Body shape indicative of body fat distribution suggested that an 'apple' body shape was protective and inversely associated with prostate cancer risk when compared with 'symmetrical' shape. Further studies which investigate prostate cancer risk and possible relationships with genetic factors known to influence body shape may shed further light on any underlying associations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  15. Chua F, Armstrong-James D, Desai SR, Barnett J, Kouranos V, Kon OM, et al.
    Lancet Respir Med, 2020 May;8(5):438-440.
    PMID: 32220663 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30132-6
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  16. Head MG, Fitchett JR, Newell ML, Scott JAG, Clarke SC, Atun R
    Lancet Infect Dis, 2014 Nov;14(11):1037-1038.
    PMID: 25444398 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70949-1
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  17. Moy FM, Greenwood DC, Cade JE
    BMJ Open, 2018 Sep 28;8(9):e022599.
    PMID: 30269068 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022599
    OBJECTIVES: Breast cancer is associated with overweight and obesity after menopause. However, clothing size as a proxy of adiposity in predicting postmenopausal breast cancer is not widely studied. We aimed to explore the relationships between postmenopausal breast cancer risk with adipose indicators (including clothing sizes) and weight change over adulthood.

    DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.

    SETTING: England, Wales and Scotland.

    PARTICIPANTS: 17 781 postmenopausal women from the UK Women's Cohort Study.

    PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident cases of malignant breast cancers (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 code 174 and ICD 10 code C50).

    RESULTS: From 282 277 person-years follow-up, there were 946 incident breast cancer cases with an incidence rate of 3.35 per 1000 women. Body mass index (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.07), blouse size (HR: 1.10; 1.03 to 1.18), waist circumference (HR: 1.07; 1.01 to 1.14) and skirt size (HR: 1.14;1.06 to 1.22) had positive associations with postmenopausal breast cancer after adjustment for potential confounders. Increased weight over adulthood (HR: 1.02; 1.01 to 1.03) was also associated with increased risk for postmenopausal breast cancer.

    CONCLUSIONS: Blouse and skirt sizes can be used as adipose indicators in predicting postmenopausal breast cancer. Maintaining healthy body weight over adulthood is an effective measure in the prevention of postmenopausal breast cancer.

    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  18. Abidin NZ, Mamat M, Dangerfield B, Zulkepli JH, Baten MA, Wibowo A
    PLoS One, 2014;9(12):e114135.
    PMID: 25502170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114135
    Poor eating behavior has been identified as one of the core contributory factors of the childhood obesity epidemic. The consequences of obesity on numerous aspects of life are thoroughly explored in the existing literature. For instance, evidence shows that obesity is linked to incidences of diseases such as heart disease, type-2 diabetes, and some cancers, as well as psychosocial problems. To respond to the increasing trends in the UK, in 2008 the government set a target to reverse the prevalence of obesity (POB) back to 2000 levels by 2020. This paper will outline the application of system dynamics (SD) optimization to simulate the effect of changes in the eating behavior of British children (aged 2 to 15 years) on weight and obesity. This study also will identify how long it will take to achieve the government's target. This paper proposed a simulation model called Intervention Childhood Obesity Dynamics (ICOD) by focusing the interrelations between various strands of knowledge in one complex human weight regulation system. The model offers distinct insights into the dynamics by capturing the complex interdependencies from the causal loop and feedback structure, with the intention to better understand how eating behaviors influence children's weight, body mass index (BMI), and POB measurement. This study proposed a set of equations that are revised from the original (baseline) equations. The new functions are constructed using a RAMP function of linear decrement in portion size and number of meal variables from 2013 until 2020 in order to achieve the 2020 desired target. Findings from the optimization analysis revealed that the 2020 target won't be achieved until 2026 at the earliest, six years late. Thus, the model suggested that a longer period may be needed to significantly reduce obesity in this population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  19. Bernhardt J, Lindley RI, Lalor E, Ellery F, Chamberlain J, Van Holsteyn J, et al.
    BMJ, 2015 Dec 11;351:h6432.
    PMID: 26658193 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h6432
    OBJECTIVE: To report the number of participants needed to recruit per baby born to trial staff during AVERT, a large international trial on acute stroke, and to describe trial management consequences.

    DESIGN: Retrospective observational analysis.

    SETTING: 56 acute stroke hospitals in eight countries.

    PARTICIPANTS: 1074 trial physiotherapists, nurses, and other clinicians.

    OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of babies born during trial recruitment per trial participant recruited.

    RESULTS: With 198 site recruitment years and 2104 patients recruited during AVERT, 120 babies were born to trial staff. Births led to an estimated 10% loss in time to achieve recruitment. Parental leave was linked to six trial site closures. The number of participants needed to recruit per baby born was 17.5 (95% confidence interval 14.7 to 21.0); additional trial costs associated with each birth were estimated at 5736 Australian dollars on average.

    CONCLUSION: The staff absences registered in AVERT owing to parental leave led to delayed trial recruitment and increased costs, and should be considered by trial investigators when planning research and estimating budgets. However, the celebration of new life became a highlight of the annual AVERT collaborators' meetings and helped maintain a cohesive collaborative group.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry no 12606000185561.

    DISCLAIMER: Participation in a rehabilitation trial does not guarantee successful reproductive activity.

    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
  20. Caskey F, Steenkamp R, Ansell D
    Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2007 Aug;22 Suppl 7:vii185-93.
    PMID: 17724048
    In 2005, the incidence of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the United Kingdom was 110 per million of the population (pmp) using the day 0 definition and 103 pmp using the day 90 definition. Relative to the 42 countries reporting data to the USRDS, the day 0 and day 90 rates for RRT incidence in the UK are the 32nd and 35th lowest, respectively. However, the overall incidence for the UK masks higher rates in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (123, 129 and 140 pmp, respectively). Of the six countries with RRT incidence rates comparable with those in the UK (Australia, Finland, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway and the Netherlands) three had relatively high rates for the age band 20-44, and two had relatively high rates for the age band 45-60. The proportion of incident patients with diabetes as the cause of established renal failure also varied considerably among these six comparator countries from 16% to 40% but rates of peritoneal dialysis utilization were comparable with that in the UK and generally higher than in countries with higher rates of RRT incidence. When transplantation rates were considered alongside prevalence rates for RRT, the UK position appeared relatively high at 46% (11th out of 37 countries), although still considerably lower than in Norway and the Netherlands (72 and 54%, respectively). Although variation in RRT incidence rate exists within the four countries of the UK, the overall RRT incidence, reported for the first time this year, appears similar to that observed in a number of demographically similar countries around the world. Examining the UK alongside the six comparator countries, different patterns of RRT incidence were observed across the age bands and variation in the RRT incidence secondary to diabetes mellitus raised interesting questions. The higher rates of renal transplantation achieved in several of the comparator countries also justifies further analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Great Britain/epidemiology
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