Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 75 in total

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  1. Yang C, Guadamuz TE, Lim SH, Koe S, Wei C
    LGBT Health, 2016 Apr;3(2):168-74.
    PMID: 26789393 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2014.0041
    We explored factors associated with alcohol use before or during sex among a sample of 10,861 men who have sex with men (MSM) in Asia who were recruited online for the study. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that having sex under the influence of alcohol was associated with having multiple male partners, seeking partners primarily through gay bar/gym/dance party/friends, selling sex and using multiple drugs during the past 6 months, and unprotected anal sex. More efforts are needed to better assess alcohol use and misuse among MSM in Asia and understand contextual influences on alcohol use and HIV-related behaviors in order to implement culturally-specific interventions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  2. Balakrishnan P, Smiline Girija AS, Shanmugam S, Kannan I, Vignesh R, Shankar EM, et al.
    Int J Public Health, 2023;68:1605790.
    PMID: 37266035 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605790
    In resource-limited settings, there is growing evidence that HIV testing is lacking among high-risk key populations such as men having sex with men, injection drug users, and transgenders largely due to stigma, discrimination, and lack of confidentiality. Findings from recent studies among high-risk key populations and the general population from various regions including resource-limited settings support the need for wider accessibility of HIV self-testing (HIV-ST) to reach those who may not otherwise have access to testing. Therefore, HIV-ST has untapped potential as a strategy to improve access to HIV testing and to increase testing frequency among key high-risk populations and their partners. Though HIV-ST has emerged as a safe, acceptable, and effective way to reach people, there are several roadblocks to implementing the HIV-ST policy, and fast-track policy implementation needs to be necessitated with newer or modified strategic plans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male
  3. Lowe M, Khan R, Thanzami V, Barzy M, Karmaliani R
    J Interpers Violence, 2021 08;36(15-16):7866-7885.
    PMID: 30924715 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519838493
    Cultural collectivism, a core feature of honor cultures, is associated with the acceptance of aggression if it is used in the name of so-called "honor." Currently overlooked in the research literature, this study explored perceptions of antigay "honor" abuse in collectivist-orientated honor cultures, where homosexuality, in particular, is considered to be dishonorable. To conduct exploratory and comparative analysis, this study recruited 922 students in four Asian countries (India, Iran, Malaysia, and Pakistan), as well as Asian British and White British students in England. All participants read a brief vignette depicting a man whose relatives verbally abuse him and threaten him with life-threatening violence, after suspecting that he is gay and has joined an online dating website to meet men. Participants then completed a short questionnaire that assessed the extent to which they thought the man's actions had damaged his family's honor and their approval of the antigay "honor" abuse depicted in the scenario. Broadly in line with predictions, data analyses revealed attitudes more supportive of antigay "honor" abuse in all five collectivist-orientated populations than the sample of individualistic-orientated counterparts in England. Notably, however, a series of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) demonstrated that these results varied depending on country of residence, gender, religious denomination, educational status, and age. The findings show that individual and demographic differences influence perceptions toward homophobic "honor" abuse in collectivist cultures. These differences are useful indices of the psychosocial factors that underpin hostile attitudes toward gay males in cultures where homosexuality is denounced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  4. Valentine J G, Diane C, Chua Y W
    MyJurnal
    Men who have sex with men (MSM) is one of the key populations affected by HIV epidemic with infection rates exceeding five percentages. Due to a strict and prohibitive socio-cultural and legal environment, male-to-male sexual practices are often misunderstood and highly stigmatised, thus creating barriers for MSM to access HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  5. Nemoto T, Xie H, Iwamoto M, Piroth K, Hazratzai M, Teh YK
    AIDS Educ Prev, 2022 Oct;34(5):427-439.
    PMID: 36181498 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2022.34.5.427
    HIV risk behaviors and psychological well-being among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (n = 140), were quantitatively described in relation to demographic and psychosocial factors. Most participants were tested for HIV and 41.4% reported living with HIV. Malay participants had significantly higher levels of depression (p < .05), homophobia (p < .01), and needs for social support (p < .01) than Chinese. More Chinese participants reported suicidal thoughts than Malaysians (p < .05). A multivariate analysis revealed that participants with gay/MSM-identified or had lower levels of self-esteem showed significantly higher levels of depression. Future intervention projects should address depression and mental health issues among MSM and strengthen self-esteem and social support through culturally competent support and individual counseling programs (e.g., addressing MSM's conflicts with religious beliefs and norms). Structural changes must be made incrementally to reduce homophobia against MSM in Malaysia while advocating human rights.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male/psychology
  6. Ng KT, Ng KY, Chen JH, Ng OT, Kamarulzaman A, Tee KK
    Clin Infect Dis, 2014 Sep 15;59(6):910-1.
    PMID: 24944233 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu480
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  7. Baba I
    J Homosex, 2001;40(3-4):143-63.
    PMID: 11386331 DOI: 10.1300/J082v40n03_08
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  8. Shrestha R, Lim SH, Altice FL, Copenhaver M, Wickersham JA, Saifi R, et al.
    J Community Health, 2020 02;45(1):10-19.
    PMID: 31375976 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00713-x
    In settings where stigma and discrimination toward men who have sex with men (MSM) are high or illegal, like in Malaysia, innovative methods to anonymously reach them are urgently needed. The near ubiquitous availability of mobile technology, including smartphones, has the potential to open new frontiers (such as mHealth) to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The extent to which MSM use mHealth tools for HIV and STI prevention in the Malaysia context, however, is unknown. A cross-sectional online survey in 622 Malaysian MSM was conducted between July and November 2017. Participants were recruited via advertisements on mobile apps frequently used by MSM. In addition to demographic, smartphone access and utilization, and other information were assessed using logistic regression to determine factors associated with the use of a smartphone to search for online sexual health information. Nearly all (99.2%) participants owned a smartphone, with 63% reported having used one to seek sexual health information, including HIV/STIs. Overall, 96% used smartphones to find sexual partners, with high levels of HIV risk behavior reported. Independent correlates of smartphone use to seek online sexual health information included older age (aOR 0.943, p = 0.005), higher education (aOR 2.14, p = 027), recent (past year) HIV testing (aOR 3.91, p = 0.026), and seeking sexual partners using geosocial networking apps (aOR 5.58, p = 0.006). These findings suggest high smartphone use by high-risk MSM to seek sexual health information and suggests that mHealth strategies may be an effective strategy to engage MSM in HIV prevention activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  9. Rich KM, Valencia Huamaní J, Kiani SN, Cabello R, Elish P, Florez Arce J, et al.
    AIDS Care, 2018 11;30(11):1341-1350.
    PMID: 29843518 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1476657
    In Peru, HIV is concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Between June 2015 and August 2016, 591 HIV-positive MSM and TGW were recruited at five clinical care sites in Lima, Peru. We found that 82.4% of the participants had achieved viral suppression (VS; VL 
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  10. Ong SY, Tang MM, Dalawi I, Tan WC, Yeoh CA, Kho WM, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 07;75(4):349-355.
    PMID: 32723993
    OBJECTIVES: High rates of syphilis have been reported worldwide among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aims to describe the clinical pattern and treatment response of syphilis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected MSM in Malaysia.

    METHODS: This is a retrospective study on all HIV-infected MSM with syphilis between 2011 and 2015. Data was collected from case notes in five centres namely Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Hospital Umum Sarawak, University of Malaya Medical Centre and Hospital Sungai Buloh.

    RESULTS: A total of 294 HIV seropositive MSM with the median age of 29 years (range 16-66) were confirmed to have syphilis. Nearly half (47.6%) were in the age group of 20-29 years. About a quarter (24.1%) was previously infected with syphilis. Eighty-three patients (28.2%) had other concomitant sexually transmitted infection with genital warts being the most frequently reported (17%). The number of patients with early and late syphilis in our cohort were almost equal. The median pre-treatment non-treponemal antibody titre (VDRL or RPR) for early syphilis (1:64) was significantly higher than for late syphilis (1:8) (p<0.0001). The median CD4 count and the number of patients with CD4 <200/μl in early syphilis were comparable to late syphilis. Nearly four-fifth (78.9%) received benzathine-penicillin only, 5.8% doxycycline, 1.4% Cpenicillin, 1% procaine penicillin, and 12.4% a combination of the above medications. About 44% received treatment and were lost to follow-up. Among those who completed 1 -year follow-up after treatment, 72.3% responded to treatment (serological non-reactive - 18.2%, four-fold drop in titre - 10.9%; serofast - 43.6%), 8.5% failed treatment and 17% had re-infection. Excluding those who were re-infected, lost to follow-up and died, the rates of treatment failure were 12.1% and 8.8% for early and late syphilis respectively (p=0.582).

    CONCLUSION: The most common stage of syphilis among MSM with HIV was latent syphilis. Overall, about 8.5% failed treatment at 1-year follow-up.

    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male*
  11. Maviglia F, Wickersham JA, Azwa I, Copenhaver N, Kennedy O, Kern M, et al.
    PMID: 36612617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010294
    Background: Chemsex is the use of illicit drugs—particularly methamphetamine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)—to enhance sexual activity. Chemsex, which occurs primarily among communities of men who have sex with men (MSM), is associated with greater HIV risk behaviors, including multiple sex partners, group sex, condomless sex, and injection drug use. Despite evidence showing chemsex engagement among Malaysian MSM, there is a paucity of research on chemsex among MSM in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey (August to September 2021) among 870 Malaysian MSM. Participants were recruited through targeted advertisements on social networks. We collected information regarding participants’ recent (<6 months) engagement in chemsex, demographic characteristics, psychosocial factors, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) knowledge and history, and recent sexual- and drug-related behavior. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with recent (<6 months) chemsex engagement. Results: Just under 1 in 10 (9.0%) of participants reported having engaged in chemsex in the previous six months. More than two-thirds of participants (69.1%) had not disclosed their sexual orientation to anyone in their family and 35.2% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Multivariable analysis found that recent injection drug use (adjusted odds ratio: aOR = 6.61; 95% confidence interval: CI, 2.30−19.03), having shared pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with someone else (aOR = 5.60; 95% CI, 1.76−17.77), higher perceived HIV risk (aOR = 3.15; 95% CI, 1.25−7.93), knowing someone using PrEP (aOR = 2.93; 95% CI, 1.62−5.31), recent engagement in transactional sex (aOR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.06−5.39), having a recent STI diagnosis (aOR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.25−4.44), recent engagement in anal sex (aOR = 2.21; 95% CI, 1.07−4.57), and recent sexual intercourse with an HIV-positive partner (aOR = 2.09; 95% CI, 1.07−4.08) were associated with recent engagement in chemsex. Conclusions: Malaysian MSM who practice chemsex are vulnerable to several HIV risk factors, such as transactional sex, HIV-positive sexual partners, and injection drug use. There is an urgent need for programs that integrate drug, sexual health, and mental health services, with a focus on harm reduction (e.g., condoms, access to and utilization of HIV testing and PrEP services, drug knowledge, and safer drug use) tailored for MSM who practice chemsex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male/psychology
  12. Mohamad Fisal ZA, Abdul Manaf R, Fattah Azman AZ, Karpal Singh GK
    PLoS One, 2023;18(6):e0286816.
    PMID: 37267403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286816
    BACKGROUND: Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder reported among patients living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), resulting from the intricate combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Biopsychosocial factors can significantly impact the psychological well-being of men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV through social stigma, access and compliance to care, economic insecurity, relationship difficulties, and risky behavior. Compared to MSM without HIV, MSM living with HIV were more likely to be depressed. Despite specific vulnerabilities and health needs, MSM living with HIV remain understudied and underserved in Malaysia owing to legal, ethical, and social challenges.

    OBJECTIVE: This is merely a published protocol, not the findings of a future study. This study aims to determine and explain the predictors of depressive symptoms among MSM living with HIV. Specifically, this study wants to determine the association between depressive symptoms among MSM living with HIV and biological, psychosocial, and social factors. Finally, the mixed methods will answer to what extent the qualitative results confirm the quantitative results of the predictors of depressive symptoms among MSM living with HIV.

    METHODS: The study has ethical approval from the Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Ministry of Health (MOH) NMRR ID-21-02210-MIT. This study will apply an explanatory sequential mixed methods study design. It comprised two distinct phases: quantitative and qualitative study design for answering the research questions and hypothesis. This study will randomly recruit 941 MSM living with HIV in the quantitative phase, and at least 20 MSM living with HIV purposively will be selected in the qualitative phase. The study will be conducted in ten public Primary Care Clinics in Selangor, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire will gather the MSM's background and social, psychological, and biological factors that could be associated with depressive symptoms. For the quantitative study, descriptive analysis and simple logistic regression will be used for data analysis. Then, variables with a P value < 0.25 will be included in multiple logistic regression to measure the predictors of depressive symptoms. In the qualitative data collection, in-depth interviews will be conducted among those with moderate to severe depressive symptoms from the quantitative phase. The thematic analysis will be used for data analysis in the qualitative phase. Integration occurs at study design, method level, and later during interpretation and report writing.

    RESULT: The quantitative phase was conducted between March 2022 to February 2023, while qualitative data collection is from March 2023 to April 2023, with baseline results anticipated in June 2023.

    CONCLUSION: In combination, qualitative and quantitative research provides a better understanding of depressive symptoms among MSM living with HIV. The result could guide us to provide a comprehensive mental healthcare program toward Ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030.

    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male/psychology
  13. Mozumder MK, Jasmine UH, Haque MA, Haque S
    PLoS One, 2023;18(8):e0289597.
    PMID: 37582101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289597
    BACKGROUND: Homosexual individuals are at high risk of suicide, but there is a shortage of data from developing countries to confirm this. Estimates on mental health and suicide risk among male homosexuals in Bangladesh are needed to generate awareness and to plan services accordingly.

    METHOD: We assessed mental health and suicidal behavior of 102 self-identified homosexual males from a community-based organization that works with the sexual minority population.

    RESULTS: One-third of the participants (32.4%) had experienced attempted suicide, and almost half (47.1%) had a history of suicidal ideation and self-harm (40.2%). Compared to a heterosexual sample, homosexual males had poorer mental health as they scored higher on Beck Hopelessness Scale (Cohen's d = 0.29) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Cohen's d = 0.57). The results revealed positive correlations between self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt scores. Participants with history of suicide attempt, suicide ideation and self-harm reported worse general health, more social dysfunction, and severe depression than those without such history.

    CONCLUSION: Suicidality and mental health conditions among homosexual males in Bangladesh have appeared to be alarming. Given the concerns, we offer some recommendations for practitioners and social workers who are serving this population in Bangladesh.

    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male/psychology
  14. Abdul Wahab A, Rahman MM, Mohammad M, Hussin S
    Pak J Med Sci, 2013 May;29(3):856-8.
    PMID: 24353643
    Syphilis and HIV co-infection are indeed dangerous combinations. The present communication describes three different cases of syphilis and HIV co-infection in young men. The first case is a 25-year-old medical graduate with a primary and secondary syphilis lesions at time of presentation. The second case is a 24-year-old government officer with right eye posterior uveitis where the serology tests for syphilis were reactive. His HIV tests were also positive. The final case is a 25-year-old homosexual who was admitted to the medical ward because of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The HIV and syphilis serology tests were noted to be positive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male
  15. Samoh N, Peerawaranun P, Jonas KJ, Lim SH, Wickersham JA, Guadamuz TE
    Sex Transm Dis, 2020 Aug 24.
    PMID: 32842048 DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001271
    An online assessment among -social media-using YMSM found that 87% were willing to use HIV self-testing with online supervision (HIVSTOS). Correlates included never tested, having higher numbers of sexual partners and seeking partners online. HIVSTOS may be appropriate for YMSM who have high risks and may not access venue-based settings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male
  16. Subhi N, Mohd Radzi Tarmizi AH, Nen S, Zakaria E
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2014;olume 28:18-38.
    Homofobia dalaman dikaitkan dengan perasan negatif yang dirasai oleh seseorang lelaki gay dan menjadi konflik dalaman di dalam dirinya. Homofobia dalaman yang dialami oleh lelaki gay merupakan salah satu petunjuk mengapa mereka mencari sebab untuk berkahwin dengan wanita. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tahap homofobia yang dialami oleh lelaki gay di Malaysia serta melihat pengaruhnya di dalam menentukan alasan lelaki gay memilih untuk berkahwin atau tidak berkahwin dengan seorang wanita. Responden yang terlibat di dalam kajian ini adalah seramai 29 orang yang dipilih daripada laman sosial Facebook, e-mel, kampus UKM Bangi serta sekitar Kuala Lumpur dan Selangor. Satu set borang soal selidik mengandungi item latar belakang demografi, Internalized Homophobia Scale, serta soalan terbuka tentang alasan lelaki gay berkahwin dan tidak berkahwin dengan wanita telah diedarkan kepada responden. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tahap homophobia dalaman lelaki gay bagi sampel ini adalah tinggi iaitu sebanyak 72.7 %. Alasan utama lelaki gay berkahwin adalah untuk mendapatkan zuriat (51.72%), kesedaran merubah identiti seksual (31.03%), desakan keluarga (24.14%) dan damba cinta wanita (24.14%) . Manakala tema utama bagi alasan untuk tidak berkahwin pula adalah tidak yakin melakukan hubungan seks dengan wanita (20.70%), risau terhadap kemampuan mencintai wanita (17.24%), tidak mahu mengecewakan wanita tersebut (10.34%) dan sukar mencari jodoh (10.34%). Sokongan sosial yang padu berupaya mengurangkan diskriminasi serta tahap homofobia yang dialami oleh lelaki gay di Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male
  17. Lim SH, Daghar L, Bullen C, Faiz HM, Akbar M, Amer Nordin AS, et al.
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2020 11;32(8):414-417.
    PMID: 33084374 DOI: 10.1177/1010539520965370
    Previous studies documented the health disparities in smoking among sexual minority populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM). However, smoking behaviors have never been examined among Malaysian MSM, a sexual minority group in a predominantly Muslim country. A total of 622 Malaysian MSM completed an anonymous online survey in 2017. Data on the demographics, smoking and substance use behaviors, psychosocial factors, and attitudes toward smoking cessation were collected and analyzed. The mean age was 28 years and 67% of participants were of Malay ethnicity. The prevalence of current smoking was 23% (n = 143), while former smokers were 9% (n = 59). Current smoking status was associated with HIV-positive status and risk behaviors, such as suicidality, alcohol use, and illicit drug use (P = .001). Almost two thirds of current smokers had attempted to quit in the past year. Hence, comprehensive smoking cessation interventions addressing the psychosocial needs of MSM should be prioritized.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male/psychology*; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data
  18. Shrestha R, Alias H, Wong LP, Altice FL, Lim SH
    BMC Public Health, 2020 Nov 25;20(1):1777.
    PMID: 33238941 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09832-w
    BACKGROUND: HIV self-testing (HIVST) has the potential to improve HIV testing uptake and frequency for key populations like MSM who experience multiple barriers accessing clinic-based HIV testing. In the absence of HIVST in Malaysia, there is no guidance to inform HIVST delivery. This study investigated the acceptability of HIVST and preferences about the HIVST service delivery approaches using a standardized stated preference method.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey conducted between January and April 2019 assessed the interest in HIVST in 544 MSM in Malaysia. Participants ranked eight hypothetical HIVST service delivery program elements with varied combinations of six, two-level HIVST service delivery program attributes (cost, privacy, accuracy, kit collection site, kit type, and testing support). SPSS conjoint procedure was used to estimate the relative importance of each attribute and preference across eight possible HIVST service delivery programs.

    RESULTS: Overall, 70.4% had previously tested for HIV, and of those, 64.0% had done so in the past 6 months (45.0% of all participants). Of all the participants, 25.2% reported having used HIVST previously. The acceptability for HIVST service delivery models ranged from 44.9 to 77.1%, with mean acceptability of 56.2% across the eight hypothetical HIVST distribution scenarios. The HIVST service delivery scenario with the highest acceptability had the following attributes: no cost (free), anonymity (name not required), 99-100% accuracy, home-delivered, fingerstick, and testing support using telephone hotline or texting. HIVST cost was the most important attribute (relative importance score: RIS = 19.30) associated with acceptability, followed by anonymity (RIS = 18.41), accuracy (RIS = 17.33), kit delivery (RIS = 16.99), fingerstick kit (RIS = 15.86), and support (RIS = 12.08).

    CONCLUSIONS: Acceptability for HIVST in Malaysian MSM was high but differed markedly by a number of HIVST delivery scenarios and attributes. These findings could be relevant as the Malaysian Ministry of Health is in the process of developing a regulatory framework for ensuring the quality of kits, as well as policies supporting safe use while broader implementation under national AIDS programs.

    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male/psychology*; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data
  19. Guadamuz TE, Cheung DH, Wei C, Koe S, Lim SH
    PLoS One, 2015;10(5):e0126658.
    PMID: 25973907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126658
    BACKGROUND: Poor HIV testing uptake by MSM may be attributable to unique challenges that are localized in Southeast Asia.

    OBJECTIVE: To characterize MSM who never tested for HIV, to identify correlates of never testing, and to elucidate the perceived barriers to HIV testing.

    METHODS: The present study used data from the Asian Internet MSM Sex Survey (AIMSS) and restricted the analysis to 4,310 MSM from the ten member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).

    RESULTS: Among MSM participants from ASEAN in our sample, 1290 (29.9%) reported having never been tested for HIV, 471 (10.9%) tested for HIV more than 2 years ago, and 2186 (50.7%) reported their last test date was between 6 months and two years ago, with only 363 (8.4%) of these men having been tested in the past 6 months. In multivariable logistic regression, younger MSM (age 15-22 years old [AOR: 4.60, 95% CI: 3.04-6.96]), MSM with lower education (secondary school or lower [AOR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.83]), MSM who identify as bisexual or heterosexual (compared to gay-identified) (AOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.60-2.35), and MSM who had never used a condom with male partners (AOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.32-1.97) had higher odds of never been HIV tested. Main reason for not being tested was a low risk perception of HIV exposure (n = 390, 30.2%).

    CONCLUSION: Current HIV prevention response must not leave MSM "in the dark," but instead meet them where they are by utilizing the Internet creatively through social media and smart phones. As ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is quickly becoming a reality, so must there be an equally fast and united response to slowing down the HIV epidemics among MSM in ASEAN.

    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male/psychology*; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data
  20. Tan WC, Chan LC
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Oct;66(4):383-4.
    PMID: 22299569
    Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is strongly associated with Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV). It was the first malignancy to be linked with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). We report a case of Kaposi's sarcoma in a newly diagnosed retroviral homosexual patient with CD4 count of 21. He had multiple firm discrete violaceous plaques and nodules scattered over the face, scalp, hard palate, trunk and genitalia. Biopsy of a skin nodule over the trunk and a biopsy of a lesion from the gastric mucosa confirmed Kaposi's sarcoma. He was started on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) was given for the lesions over the skin. He responded well to treatment. Liquid nitrogen is a useful adjuvant treatment for Kaposi's sarcoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Homosexuality, Male
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