Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 21 in total

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  1. Lin SW, Huey SM
    J Oleo Sci, 2009;58(11):549-55.
    PMID: 19844069
    Acidolysis to incorporate oleic acid into refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein (IV 56) using various lipases (enzymes) as catalysts to increase the oleic content of the oil was investigated. Immobilised lipases (lipase PLG, Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435) and non-immobilised lipase (lipase PL) were used in this study to compare the effectiveness of the selected lipases in catalyzing the reaction to produce a high oleic oil. The results showed that the TAG of OLO/OOL content was increased at least 4 fold and OOO content was increased at least 3 fold when a 5% enzyme load was used. Lipase PL showed the greatest increase in tri-unsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) content. A pilot scale experiment conducted using TL IM enzyme, followed by recovery of the oil and fractionation allows the production of oils with varying oleic contents. A high oleic content of 56% was achievable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  2. Ramli MR, Lin SW, Yoo CK, Idris NA, Sahri MM
    J Oleo Sci, 2008;57(11):605-12.
    PMID: 18838833
    Solid fat from fractionation of palm-based products was converted into cake shortening at different processing conditions. High oleic palm stearin with an oleic content of 48.2 % was obtained from fractionation of high oleic palm oil which was produced locally. Palm product was blended with different soft oils at pre-determined ratio and further fractionated to obtain the solid fractions. These fractions were then converted into cake shortenings named as high oleic, N1 and N2 blends. The physico-chemical properties of the experimental shortenings were compared with those of control shortenings in terms of fatty acid composition (FAC), iodine value (IV), slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC) and polymorphic forms. Unlike the imported commercial shortenings as reported by other studies and the control, experimental shortenings were trans-free. The SMP and SFC of experimental samples, except for the N2 sample, fell within the ranges of commercial and control shortenings. The IV was higher than those of domestic shortenings but lower when compared to imported and control shortenings. They were also observed to be beta tending even though a mixture of beta and beta' was observed in the samples after 3 months of storage. The shortenings were also used in the making of pound cake and sensory evaluation showed the good performance of high oleic sample as compared to the other shortenings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  3. Sawitri DR, Mulyono P, Rochmadi, Hisyam A, Budiman A
    J Oleo Sci, 2020 Oct 07;69(10):1297-1305.
    PMID: 32908088 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20034
    Oleic acid is a mono-unsaturated fatty acid that can be found abundantly in various vegetable oils and potentially attractive to be used as raw material for epoxide chemical. In-situ epoxidation of oleic acid was conducted in batch reactor using peroxy-formic at 30-60°C. Pseudo-steady-state-hypothesis (PSSH) was applied to develop the kinetic model. Heterogeneous liquid-liquid system was chosen and four models which emphasized on the ring opening agent (ROA) and reversibility of the epoxidation reaction were proposed. It has been suggested that reversible model is well suited to represent the experimental data. Activation energy obtained from Arrhenius equation is in the range of 40-195 kJ/mol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  4. Saik AY, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Choo WS
    Biotechnol Lett, 2017 Feb;39(2):297-304.
    PMID: 27812823 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2246-5
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the lipase-catalyzed acylation of quercetin with oleic acid using Candida antarctica lipase B.

    RESULTS: Three acylated analogues were produced: quercetin 4'-oleate (C33H42O8), quercetin 3',4'-dioleate (C51H74O9) and quercetin 7,3',4'-trioleate (C69H106O10). Their identities were confirmed with UPLC-ESI-MS and (1)H NMR analyses. The effects of temperature, duration and molar ratio of substrates on the bioconversion yields varied across conditions. The regioselectivity of the acylated quercetin analogues was affected by the molar ratio of substrates. TLC showed the acylated analogues had higher lipophilicity (152% increase) compared to quercetin. Partition coefficient (log P) of quercetin 4'-oleate was higher than those of quercetin and oleic acid. Quercetin 4'-oleate was also stable over 28 days of storage.

    CONCLUSIONS: Quercetin oleate esters with enhanced lipophilicity can be produced via lipase-catalyzed reaction using C. antarctica lipase B to be used in topical applications.

    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  5. Tabandeh M, Salman AA, Goh EW, Heidelberg T, Hussen RSD
    Chem Phys Lipids, 2018 05;212:111-119.
    PMID: 29409839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.011
    A new synthesis approach towards biantennary lipids of Guerbet glycoside type was developed based on oleic acid as sustainable resource. Functionalization of the double bond provided access to primary alcohols with α-branched C19-skeleton. Formulation studies with corresponding lactosides indicated formation of vesicles with high assembly stability. A relatively narrow bimodal size distribution of the latter, which turns into a narrow unimodal distribution of small vesicles upon addition of an ionic cosurfactant, suggests potential for a vesicular drug delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  6. Chang TS, Yunus R, Rashid U, Choong TS, Awang Biak DR, Syam AM
    J Oleo Sci, 2015;64(2):143-51.
    PMID: 25748374 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14162
    Trimethylolpropane triesters are biodegradable synthetic lubricant base oil alternative to mineral oils, polyalphaolefins and diesters. These oils can be produced from trimethylolpropane (TMP) and fatty acid methyl esters via chemical or enzymatic catalyzed synthesis methods. In the present study, a commercial palm oil derived winter grade biodiesel (ME18) was evaluated as a viable and sustainable methyl ester source for the synthesis of high oleic trimethylolpropane triesters (HO-TMPTE). ME18 has fatty acid profile containing 86.8% oleic acid, 8.7% linoleic acid with the remaining minor concentration of palmitic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid. It's high oleic property makes it superior to produce synthetic lubricant base oil that fulfills both the good low temperature property as well as good oxidative stability. The synthetic base oil produced had a viscosity of 44.3 mm(2)/s at 40°C meeting the needs for ISO 46 oils. It also exhibited an excellent viscosity index of 219 that is higher than some other commercial brands of trimethylolpropane trioleate. Properties of base oil such as cloud point, density, acid value, demulsibility and soap content were also examined. The oil was then used in the formulation of tapping oil and appraised in term of adaptability, stability and field test performance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry; Linoleic Acid/chemistry
  7. Woo JO, Misran M, Lee PF, Tan LP
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:205703.
    PMID: 24578624 DOI: 10.1155/2014/205703
    Lipid nanoparticles are colloidal carrier systems that have extensively been investigated for controlled drug delivery, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. In this work, a cost effective stearic acid-oleic acid nanoparticles (SONs) with high loading of salicylic acid, was prepared by melt emulsification method combined with ultrasonication technique. The physicochemical properties, thermal analysis and encapsulation efficiency of SONs were studied. TEM micrographs revealed that incorporation of oleic acid induces the formation of elongated spherical particles. This observation is in agreement with particle size analysis which also showed that the mean particle size of SONs varied with the amount of OA in the mixture but with no effect on their zeta potential values. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the SONs prepared in this method have lower crystallinity as compared to pure stearic acid. Different amount of oleic acid incorporated gave different degree of perturbation to the crystalline matrix of SONs and hence resulted in lower degrees of crystallinity, thereby improving their encapsulation efficiencies. The optimized SON was further incorporated in cream and its in vitro release study showed a gradual release for 24 hours, denoting the incorporation of salicylic acid in solid matrix of SON and prolonging the in vitro release.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  8. Masoumi HR, Kassim A, Basri M, Abdullah DK
    Molecules, 2011 Jun 03;16(6):4672-80.
    PMID: 21642941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064672
    A Taguchi robust design method with an L₉ orthogonal array was implemented to optimize experimental conditions for the biosynthesis of triethanolamine (TEA)-based esterquat cationic surfactants using an enzymatic reaction method. The esterification reaction conversion% was considered as the response. Enzyme amount, reaction time, reaction temperature and molar ratio of substrates, [oleic acid: triethanolamine (OA:TEA)] were chosen as main parameters. As a result of the Taguchi analysis in this study, the molar ratio of substrates was found to be the most influential parameter on the esterification reaction conversion%. The amount of enzyme in the reaction had also a significant effect on reaction conversion%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  9. Ashari SE, Mohamad R, Ariff A, Basri M, Salleh AB
    J Oleo Sci, 2009;58(10):503-10.
    PMID: 19745577
    Kojic acid monooleate is a fatty acid derivative of kojic acid which can be widely used as a skin whitening agent in a cosmetic applications. In avoiding any possible harmful effects from chemically synthesized product, the enzymatic synthesis appears to be the best way to satisfy the consumer demand nowadays. The ability of immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor meihei (lipozyme RMIM) to catalyze the direct esterification of kojic acid and oleic acid was investigated. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and 5-level-4-factor central composite rotatable were employed to evaluate the effects of synthesis parameters such as enzyme amount (0.1-0.4 g), temperature (30-60 degrees C), substrate molar ratio (1-4 mmol, kojic acid:oleic acid) and reaction time (24-48 h) on percentage molar conversion to kojic acid monooleate. Analysis of the product using TLC, GC and FTIR showed the presence of kojic acid monooleate. The optimal conditions for the enzymatic reaction were obtained after analysis with backward elimination using 0.17 g of enzyme and 4 mmol of substrate at 52.50 degrees C for 42 h. Under these conditions the esterification percentage was 37.21%. The results demonstrated that response surface methodology can be applied effectively to optimize the lipase-catalysed synthesis of kojic acid monooleate. The optimum conditions can be used to scale up the process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  10. Zainol MM, Amin NA, Asmadi M
    Bioresour Technol, 2015 Aug;190:44-50.
    PMID: 25919936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.067
    The aim of this work was to study the potential of biofuel and biomass processing industry side-products as acid catalyst. The synthesis of carbon cryogel from lignin-furfural mixture, prepared via sol-gel polycondensation at 90°C for 0.5h, has been investigated for biodiesel production. The effect of lignin to furfural (L/F) ratios, lignin to water (L/W) ratios and acid concentration on carbon cryogel synthesis was studied. The carbon cryogels were characterized and tested for oleic acid conversion. The thermally stable amorphous spherical carbon cryogel has a large total surface area with high acidity. Experimental results revealed the optimum FAME yield and oleic acid conversion of 91.3wt.% and 98.1wt.%, respectively were attained at 65°C for 5h with 5wt.% catalyst loading and 20:1 methanol to oleic acid molar ratio. Therefore, carbon cryogel is highly potential for heterogeneous esterification of free fatty acid to biodiesel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  11. Abu Bakar NH, Abu Bakar M, Bettahar MM, Ismail J, Monteverdi S
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2013 Jul;13(7):5034-43.
    PMID: 23901527
    A detailed study on the surface properties of oleic acid-stabilized PtNi nanoparticles supported on silica is reported. The oleic acid-stabilized PtNi nanoparticles were synthesized using NaBH4 as the reducing agent at various temperatures and oleic acid concentrations, prior to incorporation onto the silica support. X-ray diffraction studies of the unsupported oleic acid-stabilized PtNi particles revealed that the PtNi existed as alloys. Upon incorporation onto silica support, surface properties of the catalysts were investigated using H2-temperature reduction (H2-TPR), H2-temperature desorption (H2-TPD) and H2-chemisorption techniques. It was found that for the bimetallic catalysts, no oxides or very little oxidation occurred. Furthermore, these catalysts exhibited both Pt and Ni active sites on its surface though the availability of Ni active sites was dominant. A comparison of the surface properties of these materials with those prepared without oleic acid in our previous work [N. H. H. Abu Bakar et al., J. Catal. 265, 63 (2009)] and how they affect the hydrogenation of benzene is also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  12. Tan HW, Misran M
    Int J Pharm, 2013 Jan 30;441(1-2):414-23.
    PMID: 23174410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.013
    In this study, the preparation of N-pamitoyl chitosan (ChP) anchored oleic acid (OA) liposome was demonstrated. Two different types of water-soluble ChPs with different degrees of acylation (DA) were selected for this study. The presence of ChPs on the surface of OA liposome was confirmed with their micrographs and physicochemical properties. The "peeling off" effect on the surface of the ChP-anchored OA (OAChP) liposomes was observed on the atomic force microscope micrographs and confirmed the presence of the ChPs layer on the liposome surface. The surface tension of the OAChPs liposome solution was found to be higher than that of the OA liposome solution. This result indicated the removal of OA monomer by ChPs from the air-water interface. The increase in the minimum area per headgroup (A(min)) of the OA with the presence of ChPs has further proved the interaction between OA monomer and the hydrophobic moieties of the ChPs. The ChPs anchored onto the OA monolayer increased the curvature of the OAChP liposomes monolayer and reduced the liposome size. The size of the OAChP liposomes was reduced by 30 nm as compared with the unmodified OA liposome. Results revealed that the anchored ChPs can improve the integrity and rigidity of the OA liposome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  13. Salimon J, Salih N, Abdullah BM
    J Biomed Biotechnol, 2011;2011:196565.
    PMID: 22131799 DOI: 10.1155/2011/196565
    For environmental reasons, a new class of environmentally acceptable and renewable biolubricant based on vegetable oils is available. In this study, oxirane ring opening reaction of monoepoxide linoleic acid (MEOA) was done by nucleophilic addition of oleic acid (OA) with using p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst for synthesis of 9(12)-hydroxy-10(13)-oleoxy-12(9)-octadecanoic acid (HYOOA) and the physicochemical properties of the resulted HYOOA are reported to be used as biolubricant base oils. Optimum conditions of the experiment using D-optimal design to obtain high yield% of HYOOA and lowest OOC% were predicted at OA/MEOA ratio of 0.30 : 1 (w/w), PTSA/MEOA ratio of 0.50 : 1 (w/w), reaction temperature at 110°C, and reaction time at 4.5 h. The results showed that an increase in the chain length of the midchain ester resulted in the decrease of pour point (PP) -51°C, increase of viscosity index (VI) up to 153, and improvement in oxidative stability (OT) to 180.94°C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  14. Roselan MA, Ashari SE, Faujan NH, Mohd Faudzi SM, Mohamad R
    Molecules, 2020 Jun 04;25(11).
    PMID: 32512808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112616
    Tyrosinase inhibitors have become increasingly important targets for hyperpigmentation disease treatment. Kojic monooleate (KMO), synthesized from the esterification of kojic acid and oleic acid, has shown a better depigmenting effect than kojic acid. In this study, the process parameters include the speed of high shear, the time of high shear and the speed of the stirrer in the production of nanoemulsion containing KMO was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), as well as evaluated in terms of its physicochemical properties, safety and efficacy. The optimized condition for the formulation of KMO nanoemulsion was 8.04 min (time of high shear), 4905.42 rpm (speed of high shear), and 271.77 rpm (speed of stirrer), which resulted in a droplet size of 103.97 nm. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the fitness of the quadratic polynomial fit the experimental data with large F-values (148.79) and small p-values (p < 0.0001) and an insignificant lack of fit. The optimized nanoemulsion containing KMO with a pH value of 5.75, showed a high conductivity value (3.98 mS/cm), which indicated that the nanoemulsion containing KMO was identified as an oil-in-water type of nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion remains stable (no phase separation) under a centrifugation test and displays accelerated stability during storage at 4, 25 and 45 °C over 90 days. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the optimized nanoemulsion was less toxic, with a 50% inhibition of cell viability (IC50) > 500 μg/mL, and that it can inhibit 67.12% of tyrosinase activity. This study reveals that KMO is a promising candidate for the development of a safe cosmetic agent to prevent hyperpigmentation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  15. Anwar A, Abdalla SAO, Aslam Z, Shah MR, Siddiqui R, Khan NA
    Parasitol Res, 2019 Jul;118(7):2295-2304.
    PMID: 31093751 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06329-3
    Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype is an opportunistic pathogen which is associated with blinding eye keratitis and rare but fatal central nervous system infection. A. castellanii pose serious challenges in antimicrobial chemotherapy due to its ability to convert into resistant, hardy shell-protected cyst form that leads to infection recurrence. The fatty acid composition of A. castellanii trophozoites is known to be most abundant in oleic acid which chemically is an unsaturated cis-9-Octadecanoic acid and naturally found in animal and vegetable fats and oils. This study was designed to evaluate antiacanthamoebic effects of oleic acid against trophozoites, cysts as well as parasite-mediated host cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, oleic acid-conjugated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were also synthesized and tested against A. castellanii. Oleic acid-AgNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction method and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Viability, growth inhibition, encystation, and excystation assays were performed with 10 and 5 μM concentration of oleic acid alone and oleic acid-conjugated AgNPs. Bioassays revealed that oleic acid alone and oleic acid-conjugated AgNPs exhibited significant antiamoebic properties, whereas nanoparticle conjugation further enhanced the efficacy of oleic acid. Phenotype differentiation assays also showed significant inhibition of encystation and excystation at 5 μM. Furthermore, oleic acid and oleic acid-conjugated AgNPs also inhibited amoebae-mediated host cell cytotoxicity as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release. These findings for the first time suggest that oleic acid-conjugated AgNPs exhibit antiacanthamoebic activity that hold potential for therapeutic applications against A. castellanii.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  16. Wong TW, Nor Khaizan A
    Pharm Res, 2013 Jan;30(1):90-103.
    PMID: 22890987 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0852-z
    PURPOSE: To investigate mechanism of microwave enhancing drug permeation transdermally through its action on skin.

    METHODS: Hydrophilic pectin-sulphanilamide films, with or without oleic acid (OA), were subjected to drug release and skin permeation studies. The skins were untreated or microwave-treated, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermal, electron microscopy and histology techniques.

    RESULTS: Skin treatment by microwave at 2450 MHz for 5 min promoted drug permeation from OA-free film without incurring skin damage. Skin treatment by microwave followed by film loaded with drug and OA resulted in permeation of all drug molecules that were released from film. Microwave exerted spacing of lipid architecture of stratum corneum into structureless domains which was unattainable by OA. It allowed OA to permeate stratum corneum and accumulate in dermis at a greater ease, and synergistically inducing lipid/keratin fluidization at hydrophobic C-H and hydrophilic O-H, N-H, C-O, C=O, C-N regimes of skin, and promoting drug permeation.

    CONCLUSION: The microwave technology is evidently feasible for use in promotion of drug permeation across the skin barrier. It represents a new approach in transdermal drug delivery.

    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  17. Shah K, Chan LW, Wong TW
    Drug Deliv, 2017 Nov;24(1):1631-1647.
    PMID: 29063794 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1384298
    The study investigated aerosolization, pulmonary inhalation, intracellular trafficking potential in macrophages and pharmacokinetics profiles of rifampicin-oleic acid first-generation nanoemulsion and its respective chitosan- and chitosan-folate conjugate-decorated second and third-generation nanoemulsions, delivered via nebulization technique. The nanoemulsions were prepared by conjugate synthesis and spontaneous emulsification techniques. They were subjected to physicochemical, drug release, aerosolization, inhalation, cell culture and pharmacokinetics analysis. The nanoemulsions had average droplet sizes of 40-60 nm, with narrow polydispersity indices. They exhibited desirable pH, surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, density and viscosity attributes for pulmonary rifampicin administration. All nanoemulsions demonstrated more than 95% aerosol output and inhalation efficiency greater than 75%. The aerosol output, aerosolized and inhaled fine particle fractions were primarily governed by the size and surface tension of nanoemulsions in an inverse relationship. The nanoemulsions were found to be safe with third-generation nanoemulsion exhibiting higher cell internalization potential, reduced plasma drug concentration, and higher lung drug content.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  18. Nehdi IA, Sbihi HM, Tan CP, Rashid U, Al-Resayes SI
    J Food Sci, 2018 Mar;83(3):624-630.
    PMID: 29377104 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14033
    This investigation aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of seed oils from 6 date palm (Phoenix. dactylifera L.) cultivars (Barhi, Khalas, Manifi, Rezeiz, Sulaj, and Sukkari) growing in Saudi Arabia and to compare them with conventional palm olein. The mean oil content of the seeds was about 7%. Oleic acid (48.67%) was the main fatty acid, followed by lauric acid (17.26%), stearic acid (10.74%), palmitic acid (9.88%), and linolenic acid (8.13%). The mean value for free fatty acids content was 0.5%. The P. dactylifera seed oil also exhibited a mean tocol content of 70.75 mg/100 g. α-Tocotrienol was the most abundant isomer (30.19%), followed by γ-tocopherol (23.61%), γ-tocotrienol (19.07%), and α-tocopherol (17.52%). The oils showed high thermal and oxidative stabilities. The findings indicate that date seed oil has the potential to be used in the food industry as an abundant alternative to palm olein.

    PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study showed that date seed had great nutritional value due to which it can be used for food applications especially as frying or cooking oil. In addition, date oil has also potential to be used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical practices as well. The extraction of oil from Phoenix dactylifera seed on large scale can create positive socioeconomic benefits especially for rural communities and could also assist to resolve the environmental issues generated by excess date production in large scale date-producing countries such as Saudi Arabia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry
  19. Eh Suk VR, Chung I, Misran M
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2020;17(4):292-302.
    PMID: 32039684 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200210122933
    BACKGROUND: Liposomes are mostly known to be prepared from phospholipids and lipids and have a remarkable capacity to encapsulate both lipophobic and lipophilic molecules. However, there is little research on developing fatty acid liposomes for chemotherapy.

    OBJECTIVE: We have successfully prepared mixed fatty acid liposomes from two monounsaturated fatty acids, namely oleic acid and erucic acid, which stabilised by DOPEPEG2000. The Critical Vesicular Concentration (CVC) of liposomes was found to be within 0.09 to 0.21 mmol dm-3, with an average particle size of 400 nm.

    METHODS: Encapsulation of various anticancer drugs such as folinic acid, methotrexate, doxorubicin, or irinotecan resulted in Encapsulation Efficiency (%EE) of up to 90%. Using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the median Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values of mixed oleic acid-erucic acid encapsulating hydrophilic drugs was remarkably reduced at the end of 24 hours of incubation with the human lung carcinoma cell line A549.

    RESULTS: The results suggest that mixed oleic acid-erucic acid liposomes are a potential new approach to further develop as an alternative vehicle of various drugs for cancer treatment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry*
  20. Harjoh N, Wong TW, Caramella C
    Int J Pharm, 2020 Jun 30;584:119416.
    PMID: 32423875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119416
    Inhaled/oral insulin have been investigated as an alternative to injectable insulin, but are met with unsatisfactory outcomes. Transdermal administration bears several advantages unmet by inhalation/oral delivery, but macromolecular drugs permeation is poor. This study explored microwave to elicit transdermal insulin permeation, and compared against conventional permeation enhancers (fatty acids) in vitro/in vivo. The transdermal insulin permeation was promoted by microwave (2450 MHz/1 mW) > oleic acid (monounsaturated) ~ linoleic acid (double unsaturated bonds). The linolenic acid (triple unsaturated bonds) or combination of microwave/fatty acid reduced skin insulin permeation. Transdermal insulin permeation enhancement was attributed to epidermal lipid bilayer fluidization (CH) and corneocyte shrinkage due to keratin condensation (OH/NH, CO), which had aqueous pore enlarged to facilitate insulin transport. Its reduction by linolenic acid, a molecularly larger and rigid fatty acid with higher surface tension, was due to reduced fatty acid permeation into epidermis and minimal skin microstructural changes. The oleic acid, despite favoured skin microstructural changes, did not provide a remarkably high insulin permeation due to it embedded in skin as hydrophobic shield to insulin transport. Microwave penetrates skin volumetrically with no chemical residue retention. It alone promoted insulin absorption and sustained blood glucose level reduction in vivo.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oleic Acid/chemistry; Linoleic Acid/chemistry
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