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Legal values as tools for promoting harmony

Talib N

Med Law, 2010 Sep;29(3):433-42.
PMID: 22145562

The doctrine of informed consent has the effect of allowing the mentally competent adult patient to exercise individual choice in any proposed medical treatment. The ethical principles primarily inherent in this doctrine would be the principles of autonomy and beneficence. However, it is argued in this essay that the concept and meaning of autonomy might be vastly different between western and eastern communities. Consequently the doctrine of informed consent will lead to a different meaning in these different societies. The essay also raises the implication of transplanting legal doctrines into societies which might not be fully prepared to implement the ideal contained in the doctrine of informed consent.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy*
Gamification: Predicting the effectiveness of variety game design elements to intrinsically motivate users' energy conservation behaviour

Wee SC, Choong WW

J Environ Manage, 2019 Mar 01;233:97-106.
PMID: 30572268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.127

This research predicted the effectiveness of variety game design elements in enhancing the intrinsic motivation of users on energy conservation behaviour prior to its actual implementation to ensure cost-effective. Face-to-face questionnaire surveys were conducted at the five recognized Malaysian research universities and obtained a total of 1500 valid survey data. The collected data was run with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using SmartPLS 3 software. The results predicted the positive effect of gamification on intrinsically motivate the users based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The identified nine core game design elements were found to be useful in satisfying users' autonomy, competence and relatedness need satisfactions specified by SDT. This research is useful to guide the campaign organizer in designing a gamified design energy-saving campaign and provide understanding on the causal relationships between game design elements and users' intrinsic motivation to engage on energy conservation. A game-like campaign environment is believed to be created to users by implementing the game design elements in energy-saving campaign, and subsequently users' intrinsic motivation to engage on energy conservation behaviour can be enhanced.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy*
Fulltext When culture and ethics collide

Lili Husniati Yaacob, Azlina Ishak

Education in Medicine Journal, 2013;5(4):87-89.
MyJurnal

This case illustrates the role of a woman's autonomy in deciding her medical management and the ethical issue which occurred when a husband refuses the management for her even though it was clearly indicated.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Medical paternalism and patient autonomy; the dualism doctors contend with.

Sivalingam N

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Dec;66(5):421-2.
PMID: 22390093 MyJurnal
Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy*
Fulltext Nine months a slave: when pregnancy is involuntary servitude to a foetus

Allotey-Reidpath KD, Allotey P, Reidpath DD

Reprod Health Matters, 2018 Dec;26(52):1451173.
PMID: 29651926 DOI: 10.1080/09688080.2018.1451173

Recent globally compiled evidence suggests that one-quarter of pregnancies end in abortions. However, abortions remain illegal in many countries, resulting in unsafe practices. Debates have largely stalled with the pro-life, pro-choice epithets. To provide further arguments in support of legalising abortion services, we argue that the state cannot demand of a woman that she maintains an unwanted pregnancy because that demand places her in a state of involuntary servitude. Involuntary servitude would put states in breach of international human rights law (Article 8 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). Furthermore, we argue that the fact that a life may be forfeit when a woman withdraws her service is no basis for enforcing the servitude. We draw on the 13th Amendment of the US Constitution as an example to extend the argument and highlight the need to test involuntary servitude in international human rights law through mechanisms offered in the international periodic review of member states. This could provide a robust approach to support and strengthen access to safe abortion services.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy*
Islamic Considerations on the Application of Patient's Autonomy in End-of-Life Decision

Malek MM, Abdul Rahman NN, Hasan MS, Haji Abdullah L

J Relig Health, 2018 Aug;57(4):1524-1537.
PMID: 29417395 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-0575-5

In end-of-life situation, the need for patient's preference comes into the picture with the intention of guiding physicians in the direction of patient care. Preference in medical directive is made by a person with full mental capacity outlining what actions should be taken for his health should he loses his competency. This is based on the reality of universal paradigm in medical practice that emphasises patient's autonomy. A specific directive is produced according to a patient's wish that might include some ethically and religiously controversial directives such as mercy killing, physician-assisted suicide, forgoing life-supporting treatments and do-not-resuscitate. In the future, patient autonomy is expected to become prevalent. The extent of patient autonomy has not been widely discussed among Muslim scholars. In Islam, there are certain considerations that must be adhered to.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy*
Fulltext Re-conceptualizing free will for the 21st century: acting independently with a limited role for consciousness

Bonn GB

Front Psychol, 2013;4:920.
PMID: 24367349 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00920

This paper examines the concept of free will, or independent action, in light of recent research in psychology and neuroscience. Reviewing findings in memory, prospection, and mental simulation, as well as the neurological mechanisms underlying behavioral control, planning, and integration, it is suggested in accord with previous arguments (e.g., Wegner, 2003; Harris, 2012) that a folk conception of free will as entirely conscious control over behavior should be rejected. However, it is argued that, when taken together, these findings can also support an alternative conception of free will. The constructive nature of memory and an integrative "default network" provide the means for novel and creative combinations of information, such as the imagining of counterfactual scenarios and alternative courses of action. Considering recent findings of extensive functional connections between these systems and those that subsume motor control and goal maintenance, it is argued that individuals have the capability of producing novel ideas and translating them into actionable goals. Although most of these processes take place beneath conscious awareness, it is argued that they are unique to the individual and thus, can be considered a form of independent control over behavior, or free will.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Regulating advance decision-making: potential and challenges for Malaysia

Chan HY

Asian Bioeth Rev, 2019 Mar;11(1):111-122.
PMID: 33717304 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-019-00078-2

The right to refuse treatment is generally accepted in the legal and bioethics discourses; however, the use of advance directives remains contentious. Some jurisdictions have introduced statutory frameworks to govern the creation and implementation of advance directives, underpinned primarily by the recognition of respect for personal autonomy. Although there are no legislation and judicial decisions on advance decision-making in Malaysia, the considered view is that healthcare practitioners perceived its utility in managing patient care. This paper examines the potential and challenges of applying a statutory framework in Malaysia, drawing from relevant regulatory examples. It argues for greater public awareness within the healthcare discourse and knowledge dissemination regarding the availability, usage and clinical guidance on advance decision-making. The main conclusion drawn from this exploratory analysis is that further understanding of and education about advance decision-making within the population and healthcare practitioners should precede the implementation of a statutory regime in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Autonomy to refuse: please doctor, I want to fast, I don't want my medications

Kumurasamy V, Ahmad Fairuz M, Taib F, Mat Pa MN, Mohd Nazri S, Norzila Z, et al.

Education in Medicine Journal, 2014;6(1):66-69.
MyJurnal

This paper discusses the ethical issues of patient autonomy based on a case of a patient who refused medication during Ramadhan fasting period. Issues on patient autonomy include the right of a patient to refuse medication, informed decision making, the importance of effective communication and the physician roles and responsibilities are discussed. In conclusion, patient autonomy must be respected and valued. However, the need of effective communication in facilitating informed decision making to improve doctor-patient relationship, should not be overlooked and compromised.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Autonomy in refusing life saving interventions: religious and cultural misconceptions

van Rostenberghe H, Yong A, Mohd Zin F, Fuad MDF, Idris B, Tahir NA, et al.

Education in Medicine Journal, 2014;6(1):70-73.
MyJurnal

Autonomy is widely accepted to be the third pillar of medical ethics. However, if it comes to refusal of life saving treatments, some extra considerations are necessary, especially if decisions are made by surrogate decision makers. Four cases of problematic decision making are presented here, followed by a discussion about the cultural and religious misconceptions about the rights of surrogate decision makers.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Hubungan antara determinasi kendiri, personaliti big five dengan motivasi pencapaian dan pencapaian akademik

Fatimahwati H

Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2016;30:114-126.

This study aims to examine the interrelationship of self-determination, the big five, achievement motivation and academic achievement among students. This questionnaire survey study involving 150 students from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The National University of Malaysia. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Instrument that has been used was Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-L), Big Five Inventory (BFI), and achievement motivation scale (CLAMS). The results showed that the autonomous regulation (r =.40) and controlled regulation (r =.43) were significantly related to achievement motivation. Results also showed that the autonomous regulation (r =.45) and controlled regulation (r =.29) were significantly related to academic achievement. Correlation results also show that the big five personalities, that openness (r =.62), conscientiousness (r =.56), extraversion (r =.61), agreeableness (r =.43) and neuroticism (r =1.58) were significantly related to achievement motivation. The results showed openness (r =.31), conscientiousness (r =.44), extraversion (r =.30), agreeableness (r =.22) and neuroticism (r = -.23) were significantly related to academic achievement. In general, this study explains that self-determination and big five personalities can be used to predict the relationship with achievement motivation and academic achievement.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext An evaluation of online Edcraft gamified learning (EGL) to understand motivation and intention of recycling among youth

Cheng KM, Koo AC, Nasir JSBM, Wong SY

Sci Rep, 2022 Dec 12;12(1):14843.
PMID: 36509770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15709-2

Recycling is a process carried out by various organizations and individuals to enhance the environment's long-term sustainability. Some youth think that recycling is a monotonous action as it may seem inconvenient, less aware of the environmental issues and more time-consuming than they think and rather go for video games. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between motivation and recycling intention in gamified learning among youth. To address the research aim, this study uses gamification as a motivational driver for a game-like learning experience to improve recycling intentions among youth. Self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) will be this study's main motivational and behavioral theories. (n = 124) high schools and college students were invited to take part in an online gamified recycling activity, Edcraft Gamified Learning (EGL), consisting of two levels of gamified unused plastic-crafting recycling activities. After the activity, the participants will answer a post-event questionnaire and the data collected were analyzed. The result shows that controlled motivation (CM) and autonomous motivation (AM) positively influenced youth attitudes and social norms. Besides, attitude is the only psychosocial determinant that positively influences the recycling intention of the youth. Gamification only moderates positively between attitude and recycling intention. This study has clearly shown the effectiveness of gamified learning activity towards recycling intention directly and as a component that moderates the relationship between attitude and recycling intention, which shows a favorable evaluation towards recycling intention with gamified learning involved. Moreover, the findings showed that not all relationships are positive in a gamified learning environment, and it gives a good view on the weakness and strengths with the guideline of SDT and TPB.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among adolescent ten-pin bowlers in kuala lumpur, malaysia

Teo EW, Khoo S, Wong R, Wee EH, Lim BH, Rengasamy SS

J Hum Kinet, 2015 Mar 29;45:241-51.
PMID: 25964827 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0025

Motivation has long been associated with sports engagement. However, to date no research has been performed to understand the domain of motivation among ten-pin bowlers. The purpose of this study was to investigate different types of motivation (i.e., intrinsic vs. extrinsic) based on self-determination theory from the perspective of gender and the bowler type (competitive vs. casual). A total of 240 bowlers (104 male, 136 female; 152 competitive, 88 casual) with a mean age of 16.61 ± 0.78 years were recruited in Kuala Lumpur. The Sport Motivation Scale, a 28-item self-report questionnaire measuring seven subscales (i.e., intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, extrinsic motivation to identify regulation, extrinsic motivation for introjection regulation, extrinsic motivation to external regulation, and amotivation) was administered. Results showed significant differences (t=10.43, df=239, p=0.01) between total scores of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among ten-pin bowlers. There were significant gender differences with respect to intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, and extrinsic motivation to identify regulation. However, no significant bowler type differences were found for either the intrinsic (t=-1.15, df=238, p=0.25) or extrinsic (t=-0.51, df=238, p=0.61) motivation dimensions. In conclusion, our study demonstrated substantial intrinsic motivation for gender effects, but no bowler type effects among adolescent ten-pin bowlers.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Women's autonomy in healthcare decision making: a systematic review

Idris IB, Hamis AA, Bukhori ABM, Hoong DCC, Yusop H, Shaharuddin MA, et al.

BMC Womens Health, 2023 Dec 02;23(1):643.
PMID: 38042837 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02792-4

OBJECTIVES: Although there are calls for women's empowerment and gender equity globally, there are still large disparities regarding women's autonomy in healthcare decision making. The autonomy of women is believed to be crucial in improving their health-related outcomes. This review discusses factors that influence autonomy among women in healthcare decision making.
DESIGN: Systematic review.
DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from 2017-2022.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: The inclusion criteria include original articles, case studies and reports that has been written in the English Language, while manuscripts with no full article, reviews, newspaper reports, grey literatures, and articles that did not answer the review objectives were excluded.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: We carried out data extraction using a standardized data extraction form, that has been organized using Microsoft Excel. A narrative synthesis was carried out to combine the findings of all included articles.
RESULTS: A total of 70 records were identified and 18 were reviewed, yielding eight articles to be included in the accepted list of studies. All studies were conducted in developing countries and most of the studies were cross sectional. Factors that were associated with women's autonomy in healthcare decision making were age, women's education and occupation, husbands'/partners' education and occupation, residential location or region of residence, household wealth index as well as culture and religion.
CONCLUSIONS: Identification of these factors may help stakeholders in improving women's autonomy in healthcare decision making. Policymakers play a crucial role in healthcare decision making by enacting laws and policies that protect women's rights, promoting gender-sensitive healthcare services, ensuring access to comprehensive information, promoting health education, and supporting vulnerable populations. These efforts ensure women's autonomy including able to access to unbiased and effective healthcare services.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Chinese Malaysian Adolescents' Social-Cognitive Reasoning Regarding Filial Piety Dilemmas

Cheah CSL, Leung CYY, Bayram Özdemir S

Child Dev, 2018 03;89(2):383-396.
PMID: 28105633 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12725

This study examined the social-cognitive reasoning of 52 Chinese Malaysian preadolescents (9-12 years old; M = 11.02, SD = 0.94) and 68 adolescents (13-18 years old; M = 14.76, SD = 1.39) in resolving filial dilemmas within the personal and moral domain. Preadolescents deferred to parental authority, whereas adolescents endorsed filial obligation reasoning to justify compliance in the personal domain. Both appealed to filial obligation, pragmatic, or welfare and safety reasoning to justify compliance but fairness or rights reasoning to justify their noncompliance, for the moral issue. Distinctions between authoritarian and reciprocal filial piety reasoning were revealed. Findings demonstrated complex decision-making and cognitive reasoning processes among Chinese Malaysian adolescents as they negotiate their filial obligations and autonomy development.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy*
For God (or) country: the hydraulic relation between government instability and belief in religious sources of control

Kay AC, Shepherd S, Blatz CW, Chua SN, Galinsky AD

J Pers Soc Psychol, 2010 Nov;99(5):725-39.
PMID: 20954784 DOI: 10.1037/a0021140

It has been recently proposed that people can flexibly rely on sources of control that are both internal and external to the self to satisfy the need to believe that their world is under control (i.e., that events do not unfold randomly or haphazardly). Consistent with this, past research demonstrates that, when personal control is threatened, people defend external systems of control, such as God and government. This theoretical perspective also suggests that belief in God and support for governmental systems, although seemingly disparate, will exhibit a hydraulic relationship with one another. Using both experimental and longitudinal designs in Eastern and Western cultures, the authors demonstrate that experimental manipulations or naturally occurring events (e.g., electoral instability) that lower faith in one of these external systems (e.g., the government) lead to subsequent increases in faith in the other (e.g., God). In addition, mediation and moderation analyses suggest that specific concerns with order and structure underlie these hydraulic effects. Implications for the psychological, sociocultural, and sociopolitical underpinnings of religious faith, as well as system justification theory, are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Elderly diabetic patients' perception on family support and glucose control

Rahmah Mohd Amin, Noraishah Jaafar

Int J Public Health Res, 2011;1(1):7-12.
MyJurnal

Introduction Elderly are often associated with multiple social and health problems. Family members are important in helping them doing their daily activities. For elderly diabetics, family support has a role in diabetes management and glucose control. The aim of this study is to explore the perceptions of elderly diabetics regarding the role of family support on their glucose control.
Methods This qualitative technique was a part of the study on glucose control and its associated factors among elderly diabetics. It was conducted from February until May 2009 in Kulim. Ten respondents were purposively sampled based on their glucose control. HbA1c 6.5% or less was considered as good glucose control. In depth interview, using semi-structured interview guide was used in this study. The conversation had been taped, transcribed to verbatim and analyzed manually using thematic analysis.
Results All ten respondents perceived that family support did not play a role on their glucose control. They believed that self-awareness and self-determination were important to control the glucose level. Those with good glucose control practiced healthy diet, and not affected by food prepared by their family members compared to those with poor glucose control. However, both groups claimed that, they did not receive much advice from their family members and no special food was prepared for them. Conclusions Elderly diabetics should be motivated on self-determination and focusing on good glucose control. Health education should be given to patients and their family members to increase their diabetes knowledge especially on useful advice and proper food preparation. It could motivate the elderly diabetics to control their glucose level.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Exploratory factor analysis of entrepreneurial behaviour among business owners in food processing industry

Askiah Jamaluddin, Laily Paim, Ma'rof Redzuan, Husniyah Abd. Rahim

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2017;2(2):1-8.
MyJurnal

The purpose of this paper is to identify the key domains of entrepreneurial behaviour among business
owner in food processing industry. The study utilized a deductive research design and quantitative
method. There are twenty-one statements about entrepreneurial behaviour to discover a core action
associated with entrepreneurial behaviour. An entrepreneurial behaviour is defined as small family
business strategic behaviour that captures specific entrepreneurial aspects (Walker and Brown, 2004).
In additions, it is the actions taken by the small business owner to achieve business performance
(Delmar, 1996). According to Kirkley (2015), entrepreneurial behaviour as self determined human
action is based on a specific set of values which the individual uses to make decisions about how to
behave in situations that a meaningful to their business. The questionnaires focused primarily on the
meaning of entrepreneurial behaviour as self-determination to be succeed in business. There were 70
respondents were selected by simple random sampling. The data were analysed by Exploratory Factor
Analysis (EFA) and categorised into relevant domains. The result shows four specific domains of
entrepreneurial behaviour business owner in food processing industry, namely, leadership, proactiveness,
committed and risk taking. The finding items to each of these domains are consistent with
the small family business perspective. The practical implication is the presence of the specific core
action associated with entrepreneurial behaviour. The business owner should employ the four core
action to sustain the business. The result of this study is importance to academician in small business
area, business advisor from government and non government sectors, and small family business owner.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Data on self-awareness, self-determination, and self-efficacy of opioid-dependent patients receiving methadone treatment before and after getting individual psycho-educational (i-SEAZ) intervention

Engku Kamarudin EM, Wan Sulaiman WS, Sarnon NH, Amin AS

Data Brief, 2020 Jun;30:105586.
PMID: 32346583 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105586

The readiness to change among drug addicts is a key strength for successful treatment. Self-awareness, self-determination, and self-efficacy have been identified as the fundamentals of readiness that should be embraced by drug addicts while in treatment. In this article, the shared data were applied to assess the effect of individual psycho-educational intervention based on integrated self-awareness and self-determination theories (i-SEAZ) on self-efficacy amongst opioid-dependent patients undergoing methadone treatment (MT). The effectiveness of the i-SEAZ module was evaluated in a total of 75 opioid-dependent MT participants from five Methadone Clinics under the Ministry of Health, Malaysia located across Klang Valley. The experimental group consisted of 38 participants who received 10 sessions of individual i-SEAZ alongside MT, whereas 37 participants of the control group only received MT. The shared data were collected through three questionnaires, namely Scale for Self-Consciousness Assessment (SSCA), Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ), and General Self Efficacy (GSE). Data collection was performed twice; the first instance was two weeks prior to initiation of i-SEAZ (pretest), and the second was two weeks post completion of i-SEAZ (posttest). The extracted data were precisely represented in terms of means and standard deviations (SDs).

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy
Fulltext Self-determination and goal orientation in track and field

Chin NS, Khoo S, Low WY

J Hum Kinet, 2012 Jun;33:151-61.
PMID: 23486244 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-012-0054-0

This study investigated gender, age group and locality differences in adolescent athletes' self-determination motivation and goal orientations in track and field. It also examined the relationship between the self-determination theory and achievement goal theory. A total of 632 (349 boys, 283 girls) adolescent athletes (aged 13-18 years) completed the Sports Motivation Scale and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. Results indicated significant differences between gender on intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation (t(630) = 4.10, p < 0.05) and ego orientation (t(630) = 2.48, p < 0.05). Male students reported higher intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation and ego orientation. A significant difference was found between age groups on task orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05) and locality on ego orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05). Older athletes showed significantly higher task orientation. Rural athletes had higher ego orientation whereas urban athletes have higher intrinsic motivation. Task orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), but weakly related to amotivation (r = 0.10, p < 0.01). Ego orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.30, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) and amotivaion (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). Task orientation was related to ego orientation (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation accounted for 30.5% of the variances in task orientation.

Matched MeSH terms: Personal Autonomy

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