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  1. Search for Narrow Resonances in the b-Tagged Dijet Mass Spectrum in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=8  TeV
    Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Ambrogi F, Asilar E, Bergauer T, et al.
    Phys Rev Lett, 2018 May 18;120(20):201801.
    PMID: 29864370 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.201801
    A search for narrow resonances decaying to bottom quark-antiquark pairs is presented, using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=8  TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7  fb^{-1}. The search is extended to masses lower than those reached in typical searches for resonances decaying into jet pairs at the LHC, by taking advantage of triggers that identify jets originating from bottom quarks. No significant excess of events is observed above the background predictions. Limits are set on the product of cross section and branching fraction to bottom quarks for spin 0, 1, and 2 resonances in the mass range of 325-1200 GeV. These results improve on the limits for resonances decaying into jet pairs in the 325-500 GeV mass range.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  2. Fulltext Pengurusan risiko : satu dimensi dalam pengurusan kesihatan
    Ahmad Farid, A.R., Haidar Rizal, T., Jamsiah, M., Khalib, A.L.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(2):27-34.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : Health management is a tool to ensure an effective running of health program and at the same time avoiding flaws to its components including patients, workers and the entire organization. Risk management is a new concept in health management where the determinants of the problems or the risks are put to minima. It’s strategies are oriented towards prevention as well as controlling to all its administrative system.
    Methodology : This is a systematic review on various papers, studies and observations put forwards by risk management experts. It is also supported by feedbacks from many scholars who are involved in research and teaching.
    Results : It is been observed that risk management activities have been on practiced in health care delivery system. It is not a new form, but rather a situational action based on certain issues. In fact, it happens in any organization – public or private. Close observation on this area has triggered development of various risk management models including some administrative standard and guidelines.
    Conclusion: Risk management is a new approach that need to be practiced by all manager and leader. Its discipline involves interpretation of risk at all angles. It is not only confined to the explicit component, but should also be expended to others area as well. It needs a good sense and good attitude of the manager. The essence of risk management is to minimize the risk to patient, staff, public and the entire organization.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  3. Fulltext Intrinsic couplings between the primary motor area and supplementary motor areas during unilateral finger tapping task
    Yusoff, A.N., Mohamad, M., Hamid, K.A., Hamid, A.I.A., Manan, H.A., Hashim, M.H.
    ASM Science Journal, 2010;4(2):158-172.
    MyJurnal
    In this multiple-subject study, intrinsic couplings between the primary motor (M1) and supplementary motor areas (SMA) were investigated. Unilateral (UNIright and UNIleft) self-paced tapping of hand fingers were performed to activate M1 and SMA. The intrinsic couplings were analysed using statistical parametric mapping, dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and Bayesian model analysis. Brain activation observed for UNIright and UNIleft showed contralateral and ipsilateral involvement of M1 and SMA. Ten full connectivity models were constructed with right and left M1 and SMA as processing centres. DCM indicated that all subjects prefer M1 as the intrinsic input for UNIright and UNIleft as indicated by a large group Bayes factor (GBF). Positive evidence ratio (PER) that showed strong evidence of Model 3 and Model 6 against other models in at least 12 out of 16 subjects, supported GBF results. The GBF and PER results were later found to be consistent with that of BMS for group studies with high expected posterior probability and exceedance probability. It was concluded that during unilateral finger tapping, the contralateral M1 would act as the input centre which in turn triggered the propagation of signals to SMA in the same hemisphere and to M1 and SMA in the opposite hemisphere.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  4. Fulltext Heuristics and metaheuristics approaches for Facility Layout Problems: a survey
    Nurul Nadia Nordin, Lee, Lai Soon
    The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2016;2(3):62-76.
    MyJurnal
    Facility Layout Problem (FLP) is a NP-hard problem concerned with the arrangement of facilities as to minimize the distance travelled between all pairs of facilities. Many exact and approximate approaches have been proposed with an extensive applicability to deal with this problem. This paper studies the fundamentals of some well-known heuristics and metaheuristics used in solving the FLPs. It is hoped that this paper will trigger researchers for in-depth studies in FLPs looking into more specific interest such as equal or unequal FLPs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  5. Search for Low-Mass Quark-Antiquark Resonances Produced in Association with a Photon at sqrt[s]=13  TeV
    Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Ambrogi F, Bergauer T, Brandstetter J, et al.
    Phys Rev Lett, 2019 Dec 06;123(23):231803.
    PMID: 31868480 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.231803
    A search for narrow low-mass resonances decaying to quark-antiquark pairs is presented. The search is based on proton-proton collision events collected at 13 TeV by the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9  fb^{-1}, recorded in 2016. The search considers the case where the resonance has high transverse momentum due to initial-state radiation of a hard photon. To study this process, the decay products of the resonance are reconstructed as a single large-radius jet with two-pronged substructure. The signal would be identified as a localized excess in the jet invariant mass spectrum. No evidence for such a resonance is observed in the mass range 10 to 125 GeV. Upper limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the coupling strength of resonances decaying to quark pairs. The results obtained with this photon trigger strategy provide the first direct constraints on quark-antiquark resonance masses below 50 GeV obtained at a hadron collider.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  6. Search for a Narrow Resonance Lighter than 200 GeV Decaying to a Pair of Muons in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV
    Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Ambrogi F, Bergauer T, Dragicevic M, et al.
    Phys Rev Lett, 2020 Apr 03;124(13):131802.
    PMID: 32302170 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.131802
    A search is presented for a narrow resonance decaying to a pair of oppositely charged muons using sqrt[s]=13  TeV proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC. In the 45-75 and 110-200 GeV resonance mass ranges, the search is based on conventional triggering and event reconstruction techniques. In the 11.5-45 GeV mass range, the search uses data collected with dimuon triggers with low transverse momentum thresholds, recorded at high rate by storing a reduced amount of trigger-level information. The data correspond to integrated luminosities of 137 and 96.6  fb^{-1} for conventional and high-rate triggering, respectively. No significant resonant peaks are observed in the probed mass ranges. The search sets the most stringent constraints to date on a dark photon in the ∼30-75 and 110-200 GeV mass ranges.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  7. Fulltext Search for Narrow Resonances in Dijet Final States at sqrt[s]=8  TeV with the Novel CMS Technique of Data Scouting
    Khachatryan V, Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Asilar E, Bergauer T, et al.
    Phys Rev Lett, 2016 Jul 15;117(3):031802.
    PMID: 27472109 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.031802
    A search for narrow resonances decaying into dijet final states is performed on data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 18.8  fb^{-1}. The data were collected with the CMS detector using a novel technique called data scouting, in which the information associated with these selected events is much reduced, permitting collection of larger data samples. This technique enables CMS to record events containing jets at a rate of 1 kHz, by collecting the data from the high-level-trigger system. In this way, the sensitivity to low-mass resonances is increased significantly, allowing previously inaccessible couplings of new resonances to quarks and gluons to be probed. The resulting dijet mass distribution yields no evidence of narrow resonances. Upper limits are presented on the resonance cross sections as a function of mass, and compared with a variety of models predicting narrow resonances. The limits are translated into upper limits on the coupling of a leptophobic resonance Z_{B}^{'} to quarks, improving on the results obtained by previous experiments for the mass range from 500 to 800 GeV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  8. Fulltext A reverse localization scheme for underwater acoustic sensor networks
    Moradi M, Rezazadeh J, Ismail AS
    Sensors (Basel), 2012;12(4):4352-80.
    PMID: 22666034 DOI: 10.3390/s120404352
    Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) provide new opportunities to observe and predict the behavior of aquatic environments. In some applications like target tracking or disaster prevention, sensed data is meaningless without location information. In this paper, we propose a novel 3D centralized, localization scheme for mobile underwater wireless sensor network, named Reverse Localization Scheme or RLS in short. RLS is an event-driven localization method triggered by detector sensors for launching localization process. RLS is suitable for surveillance applications that require very fast reactions to events and could report the location of the occurrence. In this method, mobile sensor nodes report the event toward the surface anchors as soon as they detect it. They do not require waiting to receive location information from anchors. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme improves the energy efficiency and reduces significantly localization response time with a proper level of accuracy in terms of mobility model of water currents. Major contributions of this method lie on reducing the numbers of message exchange for localization, saving the energy and decreasing the average localization response time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  9. Relationship between organizational dehumanization and nurses' deviant behaviors: A moderated mediation model
    Sarwar A, Khan J, Muhammad L, Mubarak N, Jaafar M
    J Nurs Manag, 2021 Jan 04.
    PMID: 33394539 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13241
    AIM(S): This paper investigated the impact of organisational dehumanization on nurses' deviant behaviours in the Pakistani health sector directly and indirectly through job stress. The study also examined the moderation role of occupational self-efficacy on the relationship between organisational dehumanization and job stress.

    BACKGROUND: While the attitudinal outcomes of organisational dehumanization have been a focus of research, its behavioural outcomes are a relatively ignored research area.

    METHOD: Data were collected from 295 nurses working in hospitals across Pakistan via self-administered questionnaires with two measurement points to test the direct and indirect effects of organisational dehumanization.

    RESULTS: The hypothesized relationships were tested with SPSS 25 and the Process Macro Model 7. The results showed that organisational dehumanization increased deviant behaviours among nurses directly and indirectly via job stress. Moreover, occupational self-efficacy plays moderation role and weakens the relationship between organisational dehumanization and job stress.

    CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the existing literature by concentrating on predictors that trigger deviant behaviour among nurses. It also assessed the mediating impact of job stress, an essential endeavour for researchers and practitioners.

    IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The study outcomes can help the health sector improve their strategies to address organisational dehumanization and deviant behaviour among nurses.

    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  10. Fulltext Keloid scarring: understanding the genetic basis, advances, and prospects
    Halim AS, Emami A, Salahshourifar I, Kannan TP
    Arch Plast Surg, 2012 May;39(3):184-9.
    PMID: 22783524 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2012.39.3.184
    Keloid disease is a fibroproliferative dermal tumor with an unknown etiology that occurs after a skin injury in genetically susceptible individuals. Increased familial aggregation, a higher prevalence in certain races, parallelism in identical twins, and alteration in gene expression all favor a remarkable genetic contribution to keloid pathology. It seems that the environment triggers the disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Several genes have been implicated in the etiology of keloid disease, but no single gene mutation has thus far been found to be responsible. Therefore, a combination of methods such as association, gene-gene interaction, epigenetics, linkage, gene expression, and protein analysis should be applied to determine keloid etiology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  11. Fulltext A SPION-eicosane protective coating for water soluble capsules: Evidence for on-demand drug release triggered by magnetic hyperthermia
    Che Rose L, Bear JC, McNaughter PD, Southern P, Piggott RB, Parkin IP, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016;6:20271.
    PMID: 26842884 DOI: 10.1038/srep20271
    An orally-administered system for targeted, on-demand drug delivery to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is highly desirable due to the high instances of diseases of that organ system and harsh mechanical and physical conditions any such system has to endure. To that end, we present an iron oxide nanoparticle/wax composite capsule coating using magnetic hyperthermia as a release trigger. The coating is synthesised using a simple dip-coating process from pharmaceutically approved materials using a gelatin drug capsule as a template. We show that the coating is impervious to chemical conditions within the GI tract and is completely melted within two minutes when exposed to an RF magnetic field under biologically-relevant conditions. The overall simplicity of action, durability and non-toxic and inexpensive nature of our system demonstrated herein are key for successful drug delivery systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  12. Fulltext Hypopigmented patches in an 8-year-old boy
    Malek KA, Kamal WW
    Malays Fam Physician, 2018;13(1):49-51.
    PMID: 29796212 MyJurnal
    An 8-year-old boy presents with asymptomatic hypopigmented patches on his bilateral cheeks which
    have been worsening for two weeks. The patches are oval in shape and have spared other parts of the
    body. There is no preceding erythematous rash. Similar lesions appeared two years ago which took
    several months to resolve. There are no recent triggers, such as personal care products. He has no history
    of atopy, but his mother has a recent history of atopic eczema. There is no known history of thyroid
    problems in the family. He was prescribed a topical cream from a general practitioner, but the patches
    persisted, and new patches appeared. He is otherwise well and actively participating in outdoor physical
    activities with frequent sun exposure. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  13. Fulltext Fracture toughness of human amniotic membranes
    Koh CT, Tonsomboon K, Oyen ML
    Interface Focus, 2019 Oct 06;9(5):20190012.
    PMID: 31485308 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0012
    Amnion is a membrane that surrounds and structurally protects the developing fetus during pregnancy. The rupture of amniotic membranes prior to both normal and preterm deliveries involves stretch forces acting on a biochemically triggered weak zone of the membranes. Fracture toughness is an important mechanical property describing how the membranes containing a defect resist fracture, but this property has never been investigated in amniotic membranes. In this work, the fracture toughness of many samples cut from four pieces of amniotic membrane from different mothers was examined by uniaxial and pure shear (mode I) fracture tests. The measurement was checked for dependence on the sample geometry and notch length. Results from the uniaxial tensile test show J-shaped stress-strain curves and confirm that the amniotic membrane is a nonlinear material. The measured fracture toughness of four amniotic membranes ranged from 0.96 ± 0.11 to 1.83 ± 0.18 kJ m-2. Despite considering the effect of the presence of the defect on mechanical property measurement, similar fracture behaviour was observed for pre-notched and unnotched specimens, indicating that the membranes were extremely tolerant to defects. This defect-tolerant characteristic provides insight into the understanding of fetal membrane rupture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  14. Fulltext Triggering Emotional Value Through Aesthetics of Compact Car Design in Malaysia
    Muhamad Aiman Afiq Mohd Noor, Azhari Md Hashim
    International Journal of Innovation and Industrial Revolution, 2020;2(4):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    The relationship between typicality and novelty was discussed in order to identify the significant emotional value arising in the compact car design of Malaysian manufacturers. Typicality and novelty usually are associated with the aesthetic preference of human artefacts as in this study in compact car design. Considering a typical product is rarely new and, conversely, a novel product often labelled as typical, the positive effects of both features seem incompatible. This paper discusses the history of the Malaysian manufacturer’s compact car design according to its timeline and the current market based on its model and achievement. Furthermore, the relationship between compact car design such as the limitation of emotional value arising through typicality and novelty of specific compact car design and how it triggers the user’s perception through its aesthetics form. Hence, a pilot study was conducted to validate a set of stimulus and questionnaires as a way to formulate an actual survey. Finally, the outcome of this study will suggest a way forward in exploring typicality and novelty through a reliable method of compact car design
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  15. Stretchable AgX (X = Se, Te) for Efficient Thermoelectrics and Photovoltaics
    Robin Chang YH, Jiang J, Khong HY, Saad I, Chai SS, Mahat MM, et al.
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021 Jun 02;13(21):25121-25136.
    PMID: 34008948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04759
    Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have gained worldwide interest owing to their outstanding renewable energy conversion capability. However, the poor mechanical flexibility of most existing TMCs limits their practical commercial applications. Herein, triggered by the recent and imperative synthesis of highly ductile α-Ag2S, an effective approach based on evolutionary algorithm and ab initio total-energy calculations for determining stable, ductile phases of bulk and two-dimensional Ag
    x
    Se1-x and Ag
    x
    Te1-x compounds was implemented. The calculations correctly reproduced the global minimum bulk stoichiometric P212121-Ag8Se4 and P21/c-Ag8Te4 structures. Recently reported metastable AgTe3 was also revealed but it lacks dynamical stability. Further single-layered screening unveiled two new monolayer P4/nmm-Ag4Se2 and C2-Ag8Te4 phases. Orthorhombic Ag8Se4 crystalline has a narrow, direct band gap of 0.26 eV that increases to 2.68 eV when transforms to tetragonal Ag4Se2 monolayer. Interestingly, metallic P21/c-Ag8Te4 changes to semiconductor when thinned down to monolayer, exhibiting a band gap of 1.60 eV. Present findings confirm their strong stability from mechanical and thermodynamic aspects, with reasonable Vickers hardness, bone-like Young's modulus (E) and high machinability observed in bulk phases. Detailed analysis of the dielectric functions ε(ω), absorption coefficient α(ω), power conversion efficiency (PCE) and refractive index n(ω) of monolayers are reported for the first time. Fine theoretical PCE (SLME method ∼11-28%), relatively high n(0) (1.59-1.93), and sizable α(ω) (104-105 cm-1) that spans the infrared to visible regions indicate their prospects in optoelectronics and photoluminescence applications. Effective strategies to improve the temperature dependent power factor (PF) and figure of merit (ZT) are illustrated, including optimizing the carrier concentration. With decreasing thickness, ZT of p-doped Ag-Se was found to rise from approximately 0.15-0.90 at 300 K, leading to a record high theoretical conversion efficiency of ∼12.0%. The results presented foreshadow their potential application in a hybrid device that combines the photovoltaic and thermoelectric technologies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  16. Familial Paroxysmal Rhabdomyolysis, non-exertional type, in a Malay family - a case report
    Hussain Imam Muhammad Ismail, Azizi Omar
    Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1993;5(1):57-61.
    MyJurnal
    Familial Paroxysmal Rhabdomyolysis of the non-exertional variety is a rare but treatable disorder previously not described in Malaysia. We report 3 Malay siblings of a consanguinous marriage who developed myoglobulinuria during a febrile illness. The first 2 died without being investigated, but the last had creatinine kinase levels of 24,800 UIL suggesting acute rhabdomyolysis. Fasting appears to be a major precipitating factor, and glucose infusions combined with alkaline diuresis may be life-saving.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  17. Fulltext Electrosprayed Multi-Core Alginate Microcapsules as Novel Self-Healing Containers
    Hia IL, Pasbakhsh P, Chan ES, Chai SP
    Sci Rep, 2016 10 03;6:34674.
    PMID: 27694922 DOI: 10.1038/srep34674
    Alginate microcapsules containing epoxy resin were developed through electrospraying method and embedded into epoxy matrix to produce a capsule-based self-healing composite system. These formaldehyde free alginate/epoxy microcapsules were characterized via light microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Results showed that epoxy resin was successfully encapsulated within alginate matrix to form porous (multi-core) microcapsules with pore size ranged from 5-100 μm. The microcapsules had an average size of 320 ± 20 μm with decomposition temperature at 220 °C. The loading capacity of these capsules was estimated to be 79%. Under in situ healing test, impact specimens showed healing efficiency as high as 86% and the ability to heal up to 3 times due to the multi-core capsule structure and the high impact energy test that triggered the released of epoxy especially in the second and third healings. TDCB specimens showed one-time healing only with the highest healing efficiency of 76%. The single healing event was attributed by the constant crack propagation rate of TDCB fracture test. For the first time, a cost effective, environmentally benign and sustainable capsule-based self-healing system with multiple healing capabilities and high healing performance was developed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  18. Fulltext Post Stroke Laughter – A Case Report
    Amarpreet, K., Nor Zuraida, Z., Ng, C.G., Aida, S.A.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2008;17(2):1-5.
    MyJurnal
    Pathological laughing or crying (PLC) were recognized after the occurrence of stroke, with a prevalence of 15% to 18%. There is no apparent triggering stimulus, and is often misdiagnosed as a mood disorder as it is a disorder of emotional expression rather than a primary disturbance of feeling. We reported a case of a 32 year old lady, who presented with giddiness and altered consciousness progressing to fever and neck stiffness, who’s CT showed a massive left cerebellar infarct. No risk factors were identified. Psychiatrically, she developed sudden crying spells after one month and a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder was made with subsequent commencement of anti-depressants. A week later, she developed continuous inappropriate laughter without the feeling of elation, which was beyond her control. There were no symptoms of mania or psychosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  19. Fulltext Vitreous loss-causes, associations, and outcomes: Eight-year analysis in Melaka Hospital
    Thevi T, Abas AL
    Oman J Ophthalmol, 2018 6 23;11(2):113-118.
    PMID: 29930443 DOI: 10.4103/ojo.OJO_220_2016
    BACKGROUND: Cataract surgery is associated with a variety of complications, one of which is vitreous loss. Doctors and policymakers should be aware about the precipitating factors, associations, and expected outcomes of vitreous loss. This study was, therefore, undertaken to set guidelines to improve the visual outcomes of patients.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective 8-year analysis was conducted from 2007 to 2014 using the national eye database. Demographic features, ocular comorbidities, grade of surgeon, type of surgery, and the associations with the occurrence of vitreous loss, and the final visual outcomes of these patients were studied.

    RESULTS: Out of 12,992 eyes, only 3.2% had vitreous loss, mostly aged <40 years. Pseudoexfoliation was the only ocular comorbidity causing vitreous loss. Medical Officers and Gazetting Specialists got more vitreous loss compared to specialists. Intracapsular cataract extraction, phaco convert to extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), ECCE, and phaco all had a significant vitreous loss. Vitreous loss was the most significant intraoperative complication causing poor vision and resulted in impaired or poor visual outcome.

    CONCLUSION: Vitreous loss occurred in almost all types of cataract surgeries, especially by junior surgeons, among those aged <40 years and significantly caused poor visual outcome compared to other complications. Pseudoexfoliation had higher occurrence of vitreous loss. Vitreous loss patients had impaired/poor visual outcome due to preexisting comorbidity and astigmatism. Patients at risk and junior surgeons should be closely monitored to improve outcomes. Further studies need to be done to see why and when the vitreous loss occurred.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
  20. Geographical Differences in Trigger Factors of Tension-Type Headaches and Migraines
    Tai MS, Yet SXE, Lim TC, Pow ZY, Goh CB
    Curr Pain Headache Rep, 2019 Feb 21;23(2):12.
    PMID: 30790108 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-019-0760-6
    In this review, we discussed the types and frequencies of trigger factors of primary headache [migraine and tension-type headache (TTH)] among adult patients. We assessed the influence of geographical location, ethnicity and gender on the various trigger factors of a migraine and a TTH. We also evaluated the trigger factors among the multi-ethnic Southeast Asian adult patients. In a recent study, odor triggered more migrainous headaches compared to the other primary headaches. Odor was observed to be specific of migraines. Moreover, stress is one of the most common trigger factors for patients with migraines and TTHs worldwide. Migrainous patients have an increased sensitivity in comparison to non-migrainous patients. Furthermore, these patients have much difficulty in adapting to the high level of sensitivity, and the sensitized brain is therefore more vulnerable to trigger factors. In addition, the presence of one trigger factor may increase the exposure of other trigger factors. This phenomenon is more marked in the patients with migraines who have stress and menstruation as triggers, predisposing them to be more sensitive to other triggers. In conclusion, the geographical location factor has an influence on the trigger factors of headaches. Ethnicity may have an effect due to the cultural differences. Change in weather and sunlight are important commonly identified trigger factors for headaches. Moreover, gender differences in some trigger factors are present among the patients with headaches, especially sunlight and sleep deprivation. More research studies can be conducted to have a better understanding on trigger factors in the future. This will enable proper identification of trigger factors, leading to a decrease in the number of headache episodes and an improvement in quality of life for patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Precipitating Factors
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