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  1. Understanding the behavioural intention to dispose of unused medicines: an extension of the theory of planned behaviour
    Foon PY, Ganesan Y, Iranmanesh M, Foroughi B
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Aug;27(22):28030-28041.
    PMID: 32405948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09125-0
    This study examined behavioural intention to dispose of unused medicines using a comprehensive model integrating the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), with knowledge as a driver of personal norms; attitudes, personal norms, and perceived busyness as additional drivers of behavioural intention; and perceived convenience as a moderator. The model was tested with data collected from 204 respondents using the partial least squares technique. Knowledge about the proper disposal of unused medicines was recognized as a strong predictor of personal norms and attitudes towards proper disposal of waste medications. The results showed that attitudes, personal norms, perceived busyness, and perceived behavioural control have significant effects on intention to dispose of unused medicines. Furthermore, perceived convenience moderates the impacts of attitude, personal norms, and perceived behavioural control on intention to dispose of unused medicines. The extended TPB explained 55.7% of the variance of intention to dispose of unused medicines properly. Our results indicate the importance of integrating additional variables into the TPB to enhance its explanatory power in predicting behavioural intention. The results suggest to governments that in order to implement planned programs for proper collection and destruction of waste medication, a plan is needed to enhance public knowledge on the impacts of improper medication waste disposal on the environment, and also that collection points should become accessible for anyone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  2. Fulltext Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Environmental Science: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis
    Si H, Shi JG, Tang D, Wen S, Miao W, Duan K
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 08 04;16(15).
    PMID: 31382712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152788
    Since the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was proposed by Ajzen in 1985, it has attracted extensive interest and been widely applied worldwide. Although an increasing number of studies have employed the TPB in the domain of environmental science, there have been no attempts to retrospectively analyze existing articles. The current study aimed to holistically understand the application status of the TPB in environmental science from a knowledge domain visualization perspective. A total of 531 journal articles were obtained through the Scopus database to perform a bibliometric analysis and content analysis. The results showed that waste management, green consumption, climate and environment, saving and conservation, and sustainable transportation are the primary research topics; the United States (U.S.), Mainland China, the United Kingdom (UK), and Malaysia are the most productive countries/regions. Moreover, the cross-disciplinary situations, main source journals, and key articles were revealed. Furthermore, the extended factors, integrated theories, major methods, specific groups, and control variables of environmental science research using the TPB were elaborated and integrated into a comprehensive application framework. Constructive criticisms were ultimately discussed. The findings contribute in several ways to help relevant researchers learn about the application of TPB to environmental science and provide new insights and holistic references for further research on environment-related behavior.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  3. General Theory versus ENA Theory: Comparing Their Predictive Accuracy and Scope
    Ellis L, Hoskin A, Hartley R, Walsh A, Widmayer A, Ratnasingam M
    Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol, 2015 Dec;59(13):1429-58.
    PMID: 25063685 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X14543263
    General theory attributes criminal behavior primarily to low self-control, whereas evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory envisions criminality as being a crude form of status-striving promoted by high brain exposure to androgens. General theory predicts that self-control will be negatively correlated with risk-taking, while ENA theory implies that these two variables should actually be positively correlated. According to ENA theory, traits such as pain tolerance and muscularity will be positively associated with risk-taking and criminality while general theory makes no predictions concerning these relationships. Data from Malaysia and the United States are used to test 10 hypotheses derived from one or both of these theories. As predicted by both theories, risk-taking was positively correlated with criminality in both countries. However, contrary to general theory and consistent with ENA theory, the correlation between self-control and risk-taking was positive in both countries. General theory's prediction of an inverse correlation between low self-control and criminality was largely supported by the U.S. data but only weakly supported by the Malaysian data. ENA theory's predictions of positive correlations between pain tolerance, muscularity, and offending were largely confirmed. For the 10 hypotheses tested, ENA theory surpassed general theory in predictive scope and accuracy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  4. Introduction to the Cognitive Abilities Account for the Reminiscence Bump in the Temporal Distribution of Autobiographical Memory
    Janssen SMJ
    Psychol Rep, 2020 Feb;123(1):12-42.
    PMID: 31039675 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119843221
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  5. Fulltext Determinants of 3Rs behaviour in plastic usage: A study among Malaysians
    Chun T'ing L, Moorthy K, Yoon Mei C, Pik Yin F, Zhi Ying W, Wei Khong C, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 Dec;6(12):e05805.
    PMID: 33409389 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05805
    This research was conducted to explore the factors affecting Malaysians' application of reduce, reuse and recycle (3Rs) concept in plastic usage. This study adopted variables from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), namely, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control and added on two more variables, habit and facilitating conditions to study the plastic usage. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data and analysis done. The results showed that all variables influence the plastic usage behaviour. This research contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between the determinants of behavioural intention of 3Rs application on plastic usage. Through the suggestions of suitable strategies, this research would contribute to reducing environment pollution caused by plastic waste.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  6. Fulltext Determinants of Intention to Purchase Bottled Water Based on Business Online Strategy in China: The Role of Perceived Risk in the Theory of Planned Behavior
    Guo M, Tan CL, Wu L, Peng J, Ren R, Chiu CH
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 10 13;18(20).
    PMID: 34682476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010729
    With the development of the network economy, especially the promotion and popularization of mobile networks, traditional offline businesses are further integrated with online businesses, promoting the development of business online strategies. However, with the growth of enterprises' business, their negative externalities on the environment have gradually become prominent, further affecting sustainable consumption. The relationships between businesses, the environment, and consumption have become the focus of attention. China's fast-growing bottled water companies face similar challenges. The pollution that occurs due to bottled water packaging poses great threats to consumers. Hence, this study extended the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by integrating three risk aspects, namely, water pollution risk perception (WPRP), non-degradable package pollution risk perception (NPPRP), and false information risk perception (FIRP), to examine the consumers' perceptions toward these risk aspects before purchasing bottled water online. This study employed a cross-sectional approach to collect data from online consumers via a survey method. A total of 401 valid samples were collected and then analyzed via a structural equation model using the AMOS statistical package. The results showed that attitude (AT), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavior control (PBC) toward online bottled water purchase had significant and positive effects on the consumers' purchase intentions (PIs). However, under the influence of risk perception, the consumers' attitudes, SNs and PBC became suppressed by WPRP, and SN became suppressed due to the impact of FIRP. Furthermore, the negative impacts of NPPRP and FIRP on PI were partially mediated by AT, SN and PBC. Meanwhile, WPRP imposed the most significant direct effect on PI. The study results will help businesses to develop better online strategies to reduce the risk perception of bottled water and provide theoretical value and practical guidance for realizing sustainable consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  7. When Might Heterosexual Men Be Passive or Compassionate Toward Gay Victims of Hate Crime? Integrating the Bystander and Social Loafing Explanations
    Owuamalam CK, Matos AS
    Arch Sex Behav, 2020 07;49(5):1693-1709.
    PMID: 31863317 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01592-y
    Compassionate feelings for people who are victimized because of their perceived sexual deviance (e.g., gay men) may be incompatible with support for heterosexual norms among heterosexual men. But, indifference (or passivity) toward such victims could raise concern over heterosexual men's gay-tolerance attitude. Two classic social psychological theories offer competing explanations on when heterosexual men might be passive or compassionate toward gay victims of hate crime. The bystander model proposes passivity toward victims in an emergency situation if other bystanders are similarly passive, but compassionate reactions if bystanders are responsive to the victims. Conversely, the social loafing model proposes compassionate reactions toward victims when bystanders are passive, but passivity when other bystanders are already responsive toward the victims' predicament. We tested and found supportive evidence for both models across two experiments (Ntotal = 501) in which passivity and compassionate reactions to gay victims of a purported hate crime were recorded after heterosexual men's concern for social evaluation was either accentuated or relaxed. We found that the bystander explanation was visible only when the potential for social evaluation was strong, while the social loafing account occurred only when the potential for social evaluation was relaxed. Hence, we unite both models by showing that the bystander explanation prevails in situations where cues to social evaluation are strong, whereas the social loafing effect operates when concern over social judgement is somewhat muted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  8. Fulltext Applying theory of planned behavior to predict exercise maintenance in sarcopenic elderly
    Ahmad MH, Shahar S, Teng NI, Manaf ZA, Sakian NI, Omar B
    Clin Interv Aging, 2014;9:1551-61.
    PMID: 25258524 DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S60462
    This study aimed to determine the factors associated with exercise behavior based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) among the sarcopenic elderly people in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 65 subjects with mean ages of 67.5±5.2 (men) and 66.1±5.1 (women) years participated in this study. Subjects were divided into two groups: 1) exercise group (n=34; 25 men, nine women); and 2) the control group (n=31; 22 men, nine women). Structural equation modeling, based on TPB components, was applied to determine specific factors that most contribute to and predict actual behavior toward exercise. Based on the TPB's model, attitude (β=0.60) and perceived behavioral control (β=0.24) were the major predictors of intention to exercise among men at the baseline. Among women, the subjective norm (β=0.82) was the major predictor of intention to perform the exercise at the baseline. After 12 weeks, attitude (men's, β=0.68; women's, β=0.24) and subjective norm (men's, β=0.12; women's, β=0.87) were the predictors of the intention to perform the exercise. "Feels healthier with exercise" was the specific factor to improve the intention to perform and to maintain exercise behavior in men (β=0.36) and women (β=0.49). "Not motivated to perform exercise" was the main barrier among men's intention to exercise. The intention to perform the exercise was able to predict actual behavior regarding exercise at the baseline and at 12 weeks of an intervention program. As a conclusion, TPB is a useful model to determine and to predict maintenance of exercise in the sarcopenic elderly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  9. Fulltext Behaviour change strategies for reducing blood pressure-related disease burden: findings from a global implementation research programme
    GACD Hypertension Research Programme, Writing Group, Peiris D, Thompson SR, Beratarrechea A, Cárdenas MK, Diez-Canseco F, et al.
    Implement Sci, 2015;10:158.
    PMID: 26553092 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-015-0331-0
    The Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases comprises the majority of the world's public research funding agencies. It is focussed on implementation research to tackle the burden of chronic diseases in low- and middle-income countries and amongst vulnerable populations in high-income countries. In its inaugural research call, 15 projects were funded, focussing on lowering blood pressure-related disease burden. In this study, we describe a reflexive mapping exercise to identify the behaviour change strategies undertaken in each of these projects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  10. Fulltext Imagine All The Synchrony: The effects of actual and imagined synchronous walking on attitudes towards marginalised groups
    Atherton G, Sebanz N, Cross L
    PLoS One, 2019;14(5):e0216585.
    PMID: 31086399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216585
    Stereotyping is a pervasive societal problem that impacts not only minority groups but subserves individuals who perpetuate stereotypes, leading to greater distance between groups. Social contact interventions have been shown to reduce prejudice and stereotyping, but optimal contact conditions between groups are often out of reach in day to day life. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a synchronous walking intervention, a non-verbal embodied approach to intergroup contact that may reduce the need for optimal contact conditions. We studied attitude change towards the Roma group in Hungary following actual and imagined walking, both in a coordinated and uncoordinated manner. Results showed that coordinated walking, both imagined and in vivo, led to explicit and implicit reductions in prejudice and stereotyping towards both the Roma individual and the wider Roma social group. This suggests that coordinated movement could be a valuable addition to current approaches towards prejudice reduction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  11. Development of a questionnaire for assessing factors predicting blood donation among university students: a pilot study
    Jalalian M, Latiff L, Hassan ST, Hanachi P, Othman M
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2010 May;41(3):660-6.
    PMID: 20578556
    University students are a target group for blood donor programs. To develop a blood donation culture among university students, it is important to identify factors used to predict their intent to donate blood. This study attempted to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to be employed in assessing variables in a blood donation behavior model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a commonly used theoretical foundation for social psychology studies. We employed an elicitation study, in which we determined the commonly held behavioral and normative beliefs about blood donation. We used the results of the elicitation study and a standard format for creating questionnaire items for all constructs of the TPB model to prepare the first draft of the measurement tool. After piloting the questionnaire, we prepared the final draft of the questionnaire to be used in our main study. Examination of internal consistency using Chronbach's alpha coefficient and item-total statistics indicated the constructs "Intention" and "Self efficacy" had the highest reliability. Removing one item from each of the constructs, "Attitude," "Subjective norm," "Self efficacy," or "Behavioral beliefs", can considerably increase the reliability of the measurement tool, however, such action is controversial, especially for the variables "attitude" and "subjective norm." We consider all the items of our first draft questionnaire in our main study to make it a reliable measurement tool.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  12. An application of the theory of planned behaviour to study the influencing factors of participation in source separation of food waste
    Karim Ghani WA, Rusli IF, Biak DR, Idris A
    Waste Manag, 2013 May;33(5):1276-81.
    PMID: 23415709 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.019
    Tremendous increases in biodegradable (food waste) generation significantly impact the local authorities, who are responsible to manage, treat and dispose of this waste. The process of separation of food waste at its generation source is identified as effective means in reducing the amount food waste sent to landfill and can be reused as feedstock to downstream treatment processes namely composting or anaerobic digestion. However, these efforts will only succeed with positive attitudes and highly participations rate by the public towards the scheme. Thus, the social survey (using questionnaires) to analyse public's view and influencing factors towards participation in source separation of food waste in households based on the theory of planned behaviour technique (TPB) was performed in June and July 2011 among selected staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. The survey demonstrates that the public has positive intention in participating provided the opportunities, facilities and knowledge on waste separation at source are adequately prepared by the respective local authorities. Furthermore, good moral values and situational factors such as storage convenience and collection times are also encouraged public's involvement and consequently, the participations rate. The findings from this study may provide useful indicator to the waste management authorities in Malaysia in identifying mechanisms for future development and implementation of food waste source separation activities in household programmes and communication campaign which advocate the use of these programmes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  13. On the epidemicity of Amok violence
    Westermeyer J
    Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1973 Jun;28(6):873-6.
    PMID: 4707993
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  14. Fulltext The Post-Coronavirus World in the International Tourism Industry: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Safer Destination Choices in the Case of US Outbound Tourism
    Han H, Al-Ansi A, Chua BL, Tariq B, Radic A, Park SH
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 Sep 06;17(18).
    PMID: 32899942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186485
    The tourism industry has been seriously suffering from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis ever since its outbreak. Given this pandemic situation, the major aim of this study is to develop a conceptual framework that clearly explains the US international tourists' post-pandemic travel behaviors by expanding the theory of planned behavior (TPB). By utilizing a quantitative process, the TPB was successfully broadened by incorporating the travelers' perceived knowledge of COVID-19, and it has been deepened by integrating the psychological risk. Our theoretical framework sufficiently accounted for the US tourists' post-pandemic travel intentions for safer international destinations. In addition, the perceived knowledge of COVID-19 contributed to boosting the prediction power for the intentions. The associations among the subjective norm, the attitude, and the intentions are under the significant influence of the tourists' psychological risks regarding international traveling. The comparative criticality of the subjective norm is found. Overall, the findings of this study considerably enhanced our understanding of US overseas tourists' post-pandemic travel decision-making processes and behaviors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  15. Representations of swine flu: perspectives from a Malaysian pig farm
    Goodwin R, Haque S, Hassan SB, Dhanoa A
    Public Underst Sci, 2011 Jul;20(4):477-90.
    PMID: 21936262
    Novel influenza viruses are seen, internationally, as posing considerable health challenges, but public responses to such viruses are often rooted in cultural representations of disease and risk. However, little research has been conducted in locations associated with the origin of a pandemic. We examined representations and risk perceptions associated with swine flu amongst 120 Malaysian pig farmers. Thirty-seven per cent of respondents felt at particular risk of infection, two-thirds were somewhat or very concerned about being infected. Those respondents who were the most anxious believed particular societal "out-groups" (homosexuals, the homeless and prostitutes) to be at higher infection risk. Although few (4%) reported direct discrimination, 46% claimed friends had avoided them since the swine flu outbreak. Findings are discussed in the context of evolutionary, social representations and terror management theories of response to pandemic threat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  16. An application of the theory of planned behaviour to understand compliance with daytime running headlights law among motorcycle riders
    Payani S, Law TH
    Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 2020 Jun;27(2):188-196.
    PMID: 32019438 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2020.1724159
    Fatal motorcycle crashes are a persistent problem in Southeast Asia. In many respects, road safety experts have acknowledged conspicuity issue as one of the main causes of such accidents. To mitigate this deficiency, daytime running headlights (DRHs) law has been documented among the widely exercised countermeasures. The present study aimed to explore socio-psychological factors shaping intentions towards use of DRHs among Malaysian motorcyclists, because compliance level with this rule has remained constant since 1996 (80%). For this purpose, a model was constructed through the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to evaluate factors affecting motorcyclists' intentions towards compliance with DRHs law. A series of statistical analyses were performed to explain the effect of these factors and to predict degree of compliance with this rule. The model applied on a sample of university students (N = 398) demonstrated that the TPB components could significantly predict motorcycle riders' behaviours and degree of compliance with DRHs law. Moreover, it would be of assistance to policy-makers to recognize groups of motorcyclists more likely to cause an increase in traffic accidents. In general, regular educational campaigns were recommended to raise awareness regarding consequences of not using DRHs and also to nurture factors influencing motorcyclists' attitudes towards DRHs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  17. Fulltext The application of the theory of planned behavior to nutritional behaviors related to cardiovascular disease among the women
    Khani Jeihooni A, Jormand H, Saadat N, Hatami M, Abdul Manaf R, Afzali Harsini P
    BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 2021 Dec 07;21(1):589.
    PMID: 34876014 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02399-3
    BACKGROUND: Nutritional factors have been identified as preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disease; this study aimed to investigate the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in nutritional behaviors related to cardiovascular diseases among the women in Fasa city, Fars province, Iran.

    METHODS: The study was conducted in two stages. First, the factors affecting nutritional behaviors associated with cardiovascular disease on 350 women who were referred to Fasa urban health centers were determined based on the TPB. In the second stage, based on the results of a cross-sectional study, quasi-expeimental study was performed on 200 women covered by Fasa health centers. The questionnaire used for the study was a questionnaire based on TPB. The questionnaire was completed by the experimental and control groups before and three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using logistic regression, paired t-test, independent sample t-test, and chi-square test. The level of significance is considered 0.05.

    RESULT: The constructs of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were predictors of nutritional behaviors associated with cardiovascular disease in women. The constructs predicted 41.6% of the behavior. The results showed that mean scores of attitude, subjective norms, PBC, intention, nutritional performance related to the cardiovascular disease before intervention were, respectively, 24.32, 14.20, 18.10, 13.37 and 16.28, and after the intervention, were, respectively, 42.32, 25.40, 33.72, 30.13 and 41.38. All the constructs except the attitude in the intervention group were significantly higher (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory*
  18. Children's exercise behavior: the moderating role of habit processes within the theory of planned behavior
    Hashim HA, Jawis MN, Wahat A, Grove JR
    Psychol Health Med, 2014;19(3):335-43.
    PMID: 23796233 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2013.808751
    The moderating effect of exercise habit strength and specific habit processes within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was tested in children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  19. Psychometric Properties of a Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire for Assessing the Midwives' Intention to Provide Planned Home Birth Services in Nigeria
    Muhammed A, Shariff-Ghazali S, Said SM, Hassan M, Lee K
    J Community Health Nurs, 2020 4 3;37(2):77-88.
    PMID: 32233947 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2020.1736377
    We developed and psychometrically tested a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) questionnaire which focused on assessing the midwives' intention to provide planned home birth (PHB) services. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional survey, conducted among 226 midwives working in ten participating health facilities. The reliability and validity of the theoretical constructs were assessed. The Cronbach's alpha values were >0.8 for all scales, suggesting satisfactory internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed sufficient convergent validity (the average variance extracted was >0.5 for each construct) and discriminant validity. The study gathered an evidence of the usefulness of TPB in the specific context of PHB.
    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
  20. Factors influencing the provision of oral hygiene care following stroke: an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
    Ab Malik N, Mohamad Yatim S, Lam OLT, Jin L, McGrath C
    Disabil Rehabil, 2018 04;40(8):889-893.
    PMID: 28129510 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1277397
    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine "intention to" and "performance of" oral hygiene care to stroke patients using the Theory of Planned Behavior.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A large scale survey of 13 centers in Malaysia was conducted involving 806 nurses in relation to oral hygiene care intentions and practices. In addition, information on personal and environmental factors was collected.

    RESULTS: The response rate was 95.6% (778/806). The domains of the Theory of Planned Behavior were significantly associated with general intention to perform oral hygiene care: attitudes (β = 0.21, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Psychological Theory
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