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Fulltext Quantitative analysis of MR T2 relaxation times in neck muscles

Phua CS, Moffat B, Paul E, Ang M, Law M, Bertram K, et al.

Magn Reson Imaging, 2023 Nov;103:156-161.
PMID: 37517766 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.07.013

T2 relaxation times (T2 times) are different between resting and exercised muscles and between muscles of healthy subjects and subjects with muscle pathology. However, studies specifically focusing on neck muscles are lacking. Furthermore, normative neck muscle T2 times are not well defined and methodology used to analyse T2 times in neck muscles is not robust. We analysed T2 times in key neck muscles and explored factors affecting variability between muscles. 20 healthy subjects were recruited. Two circular regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn in two mutually exclusive regions within neck muscles on T2 weighted images and values averaged. ROI measurements were performed by a co-investigator, supervised by a neuro-radiologist. For the first ten subjects, measurements were done from C1-T1. For the remaining subjects, ROIs were drawn at two pre-determined levels. Two MRIs were repeated at 31 degrees acquisition to evaluate the effect of muscle fibre orientation. ROI values were translated into T2 times. Results showed semispinalis capitis had the longest T2 times (range 46.88-51.42 ms), followed by splenius capitis (range 47.37-48.33 ms), trapezius (range 45.27-47.46 ms), levator scapulae (range 43.17-45.63 ms) and sternocleidomastoid (range 38.45-42.91 ms). T2 times did not vary along length of muscles and were unaffected by muscle fibre orientation (P > 0.05). T2 times of splenius capitis correlated significantly with age at C2/C3 and C5/C6 levels and trapezius at C7/T1 level. Gender did not influence relaxation times (P > 0.05). In conclusion, results of normative neck muscle T2 time values and factors influencing the T2 times could serve as a reference for future MR analysis of neck muscles. The methodology used may also be useful for related studies of neck muscles.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Crystal structure of 5-(1,3-di-thian-2-yl)-2H-1,3-benzodioxole

Zukerman-Schpector J, Caracelli I, Stefani HA, Gozhina O, Tiekink ER

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2015 Mar 1;71(Pt 3):o167-8.
PMID: 25844230 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015002455

In the title compound, C11H12O2S2, two independent but virtually superimposable mol-ecules, A and B, comprise the asymmetric unit. In each mol-ecule, the 1,3-di-thiane ring has a chair conformation with the 1,4-disposed C atoms being above and below the plane through the remaining four atoms. The substituted benzene ring occupies an equatorial position in each case and forms dihedral angles of 85.62 (9) (mol-ecule A) and 85.69 (8)° (mol-ecule B) with the least-squares plane through the 1,3-di-thiane ring. The difference between the mol-ecules rests in the conformation of the five-membered 1,3-dioxole ring which is an envelope in mol-ecule A (the methyl-ene C atom is the flap) and almost planar in mol-ecule B (r.m.s. deviation = 0.046 Å). In the crystal, mol-ecules of A self-associate into supra-molecular zigzag chains (generated by glide symmetry along the c axis) via methyl-ene C-H⋯π inter-actions. Mol-ecules of B form similar chains. The chains pack with no specific directional inter-molecular inter-actions between them.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Ain't No Neuroscience Mountain High Enough: Experiences of a Neurogardener

Abdullah JM

Malays J Med Sci, 2015 May-Jun;22(3):1-6.
PMID: 26715890

16 years have passed since the idea was mooted in 1999 by five neurosurgeons in the corridors of Hotel Perdana, Kota Bharu. They were Dato' Dr Johari Siregar Bin Adnan, Dato' Professor Dr Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif , Dr Azmin Kass Bin Rosman, Dato' Dr Mohammed Saffari Bin Mohammed Haspani and Professor Dato' Dr Jafri Malin Abdullah. They initiated the beginning of the first programme in Neurosurgery in Malaysia. The rest is history.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Theta-burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Alters the Functional Topography of the Cortical Motor Network

Noh NA, Fuggetta G, Manganotti P

Malays J Med Sci, 2015 Dec;22(Spec Issue):36-44.
PMID: 27006636 MyJurnal

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool that is able to modulate the electrical activity of the brain depending upon its protocol of stimulation. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a high-frequency TMS protocol that is able to induce prolonged plasticity changes in the brain. The induction of plasticity-like effects by TBS is useful in both experimental and therapeutic settings; however, the underlying neural mechanisms of this modulation remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous TBS (cTBS) on the intrahemispheric and interhemispheric functional connectivity of the resting and active brain.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Resting metabolic rate in a sample of girls in Malaysia and England

Henry CJ, Webster-Gandy JD, Koon PB, Ismail MN

Am J Hum Biol, 2005 Nov-Dec;17(6):818-20.
PMID: 16254909

This cross-sectional study of age matched (10-11 years), pre-menarcheal girls in England and Malaysia investigated the effect of ethnicity on resting metabolic rate (RMR). The children were recruited from schools in Oxford, England, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and all measurements were conducted in the schools. The Malaysian girls were shorter (143.7 +/- 6.5 cm and 140.1 +/- 5.3 cm (mean +/- SD) for the English and Malaysian girls respectively) and lighter (32.5 +/- 5.3 kg compared with 38.0 +/- 8.7 kg for the English girls) with a smaller fat mass and fat free mass (FFM) than the English girls. Energy expenditure was lower in the Malaysian girls (4555 +/- 531 kJ/day compared with 5178 +/- 688 kJ/day for the English girls). Although a difference in RMR was observed between the two groups, when corrected for body composition the difference was no longer significant. No effect of ethnicity on the relationship of FFM and RMR was shown when the data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest/physiology*
New monoclinic form of {O-Ethyl N-(4-nitro-phen-yl)thio-carbamato-κS}(tri-4-tolyl-phosphane-κP)gold(I): crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis

Kuan FS, Jotani MM, Tiekink ERT

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2017 Oct 01;73(Pt 10):1465-1471.
PMID: 29250359 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017012865

The title phosphanegold(I) thiol-ate compound, [Au(C9H9N2O3S)(C21H21P)], is a second monoclinic polymorph (space group P21/c) that complements a previously reported Cc polymorph [Broker & Tiekink (2008 ▸). Acta Cryst. E64, m1582]. An SP donor set defines an approximately linear geometry about the gold atom in both forms. The key distinguishing feature between the present structure and the previously reported polymorph rests with the relative disposition of the thiol-ate ligand. In the title compound, the orientation is such to place the oxygen atom in close contact with the gold atom [Au⋯O = 2.915 (2) Å], in contrast to the aryl ring in the original polymorph. In the crystal, linear supra-molecular chains along the a-axis direction mediated by C-H⋯π and nitro-O⋯π inter-actions are found. These pack with no directional inter-actions between them. The analysis of the Hirshfeld surfaces for both forms of [Au(C9H9N3O3S)(C21H21P)] indicates quite distinctive inter-action profiles relating to the differences in inter-molecular contacts found in their respective crystals.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Transcultural adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy in Asia

Stuart S, Pereira XV, Chung JP

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2021 Mar;13(1):e12439.
PMID: 33089661 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12439

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) has been utilized with great efficacy and effectiveness across many cultural settings. The attachment theory upon which IPT rests provides a strong foundation for IPT cross-culturally: regardless of their geographic location, people are people and their relationships are important. Though the structure of families and individual social roles varies greatly across cultures, people relate to one another. They become distressed when they have problems with interpersonal conflict, change, and loss of relationships. In this article, we review the basics of IPT and then describe the ways in which cultural adaptations can be made for people in Asia. Both are large tasks-to summarize IPT concisely while providing sufficient information is difficult; describing cultural adaptions for people in geographical areas from Russia to China to India to Southeast and Central Asia and all of the ethnic and language groups that area includes is nigh well impossible within a review article. Thus we have restricted our cultural overview to areas in which we have experience clinically and in which we have been active with IPT training, supervision, and implementation. All of the work we describe, however, elaborate on the principles of cultural adaptations which can be used to implement IPT in other local contexts.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Feeding Behaviour of Cynopterus sphinx (Pteropodidae) Under Captive Conditions

Shafie NJ, Rahman NA, Sah SA, Rosely NF, Sufian M

Trop Life Sci Res, 2014 Dec;25(2):53-9.
PMID: 27073599 MyJurnal

We examined the olfactory and visual abilities of megachiropteran bats, Cynopterus sphinx, for discrimination of the odour and shape of the banana fruit, Musa sp. We conducted the experiments in captive conditions by offering a selection of ripe bananas, blended bananas and artificial bananas. The behaviour of the bats was observed visually, and the percentage of activity and rest, duration of the first foraging bout, number of feeding attempts and the average duration of successful attempts was recorded for each bat. The bats exhibited an increased number of visits to ripe bananas and blended banana fruits. However, the artificial fruit did not evoke any response. Our study suggests that odour cues are more important than visual cues for the location of fruits by C. sphinx.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Case series of testicular adrenal rest tumours in boys with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A single centre experience

Karen Leong SW, Wu LL

Med J Malaysia, 2019 02;74(1):92-93.
PMID: 30846672

Testicular adrenal rest tumours (TART) are aberrant adrenal tissue within the testes (1). Although benign, they can lead to obstruction of the seminiferous tubules and infertility in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). We report six boys who developed TART, a complication of CAH. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound and testicular vein sampling of elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels. Glucocorticoids dosages were increased 1½-2 folds to suppress size of the aberrant adrenal tissues. Despite reductions in 17-OHP, the lesions remained unchanged. Three patients had testis-sparing surgery to excise the TART and to preserve normal testicular tissues.

Matched MeSH terms: Adrenal Rest Tumor/diagnosis*; Adrenal Rest Tumor/drug therapy
Fulltext The impact of work rest scheduling for prolonged standing activity

Rahman IA, Mohamad N, Rohani JM, Zein RM

Ind Health, 2018 Nov 21;56(6):492-499.
PMID: 30210096 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0043

Prolonged standing can cause discomfort on the body of the workers and can lead to injury and occupational disease. One of the ergonomic intervention is through improving the work-rest scheduling. The purpose of this study are to identify the fatigue level from the perception of the worker and to investigate the impact of the work-rest scheduling to the standing workers for 12 h working time with a different gender. This study involved two methods which are self-assessment of the worker and direct measurement by using electromyography (EMG). For self-assessment, 80 workers have been interviewed using questionnaire in order to identify the fatigue level. For direct measurement, EMG was attached to the 15 selected workers at their respective leg and lower back to analyse the muscle efforts. In terms of perception, the results show the discomfort and fatigue level at the lower body region in the following order as foot ankle, lower back and leg. There is a significant difference between gender on discomfort pain for foot ankle and leg. The results show short frequent break by 10 min can reduce the fatigue at the leg and infrequent long break is preferable in order to reduce the fatigue at the lower back. In conclusion, it was found that prolonged standing affect the muscle fatigue and discomfort especially lower extremities such as foot ankle, lower back and leg. Besides that, different type of work rest scheduling and gender have significant result towards the muscle fatigue development.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest/physiology*; Rest/psychology
Fulltext Effective Connectivity of a Default Mode Network In Human Brain: In Search of a Dominant Node Using Spectral Dynamic Causal Modeling

Mohd Nawi, N. S. A., Rahmad, A. A., Abdul Hamid, K., Rahman, S., Osman, S. S., Surat, S., et al.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(1):1-14.
MyJurnal

The connectivity patterns among the DMN nodes when the brain is resting are still in great debate. Among the unknowns is whether a dominant node exists in the network and if any, how does it influences the other nodes. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) was utilized in data acquisition on 25 healthy male and female participants. The DMN nodes selected were posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), bilateral inferior parietal cortex (IPL) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Fully connected causal models were constructed comprising four DMN nodes. The time invariant covariance of the random fluctuations between nodes was then estimated to obtain the effective connectivity (EC) between the DMN nodes. The EC values among the DMN nodes were averaged over the participants using Bayesian Parameter Averaging (BPA). All the DMN nodes have self-inhibitory dynamics. All connections between nodes were significant (P > 0.9) with a condition for any of the two nodes, one node inhibited the others. The PCC which exhibited the highest signal intensity was in fact inhibited by others. Inter-hemispheric RIPC to LIPC connections acted the same way, with excitatory LIPC to RIPC and inhibitory RIPC to LIPC connections. The results also showed a stronger mPFC to RIPC connection in the right hemisphere (as compared to mPFC to LIPC connection in the left hemisphere) and a weaker PCC to RIPC connection in the right hemisphere (as compared to PCC to LIPC connection in the left hemisphere). PCC can be regarded as a dominant node among the four nodes, being connected to all other nodes in different ways. All the four nodes were significantly activated and connected to each other even though the brain was in a state of resting.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Statistical model for dynamically-changing correlation matrices with application to brain connectivity

Huang SG, Samdin SB, Ting CM, Ombao H, Chung MK

J Neurosci Methods, 2020 02 01;331:108480.
PMID: 31760059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108480

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have indicated that functional connectivity is dynamic even during rest. A common approach to modeling the dynamic functional connectivity in whole-brain resting-state fMRI is to compute the correlation between anatomical regions via sliding time windows. However, the direct use of the sample correlation matrices is not reliable due to the image acquisition and processing noises in resting-sate fMRI.
NEW METHOD: To overcome these limitations, we propose a new statistical model that smooths out the noise by exploiting the geometric structure of correlation matrices. The dynamic correlation matrix is modeled as a linear combination of symmetric positive-definite matrices combined with cosine series representation. The resulting smoothed dynamic correlation matrices are clustered into disjoint brain connectivity states using the k-means clustering algorithm.
RESULTS: The proposed model preserves the geometric structure of underlying physiological dynamic correlation, eliminates unwanted noise in connectivity and obtains more accurate state spaces. The difference in the estimated dynamic connectivity states between males and females is identified.
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: We demonstrate that the proposed statistical model has less rapid state changes caused by noise and improves the accuracy in identifying and discriminating different states.
CONCLUSIONS: We propose a new regression model on dynamically changing correlation matrices that provides better performance over existing windowed correlation and is more reliable for the modeling of dynamic connectivity.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Effect of break time on the upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder development among intensive computer users in Malaysia

Thulasi, M., Rosnah Md Yusuff, Norzima bt Zulkifli, Perimal, Enoch Kumar

Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine, 2018;2(1):6-13.
MyJurnal

Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) has become a common problem among office workers in Malaysia. Studies have shown that an appropriate work-rest schedule can reduce fatigue and MSDs among office workers. In Malaysia, there has been an increase in the occurrence of MSDs, especially in work that require intensive computer use. Operators who used computers continuously for more than 4 hours a day have shown to develop CTDs. Studies on the effect of break time on the performance of office workers in Malaysia are still lacking. As such this study was aimed to evaluate effect of work rest schedule on the discomfort, performance and muscular load levels of computer users in Malaysia. The effect of break time starting with no break, one minute and 30 seconds break interval were carried out on the 15 subjects. EMG was measured for each task given. Performance which was calculated by multiplying speed and accuracy (WPM) showed 30 seconds break was 13.5% higher than 1 minute break and 20.14% higher than schedule with no break. EMG analyses showed 30 seconds have lowest mean AEMG which was 0.035 for flexor carpi ulnaris and 0.0331 for radialis muscles. It also recorded least discomfort scale for upper extremity muscles compared to the other two schedules. This study showed that more frequent microbreaks can improve performance of office workers and reduce MSD problem from occurring.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Insights from the preliminary autocorrelation analysis of low frequency neuronal oscillations during Quran listening

Reza, F., Begum, T., Ahmed, A.L., Omar, H., Muzaimi, M., Abdullah, J.M.

ASM Science Journal, 2012;6(1):39-45.
MyJurnal

The human brain generates different oscillations at different frequencies during various consciousness levels. When these brain waves synchronize with exogenous rhythmic stimulation, the brain experiences strong, yet relaxing emotion that could be involved in the formation of memory. We investigated the character of rhythmic oscillatory dynamics by electroencephalography (EEG) of subjects listening to a short verse of the Holy Quran compared to resting and Arabic news listening. The mean power amplitudes of each frequency band for wavelet-based time-frequency analysis were obtained from 5000 ms of segmented EEG recordings during rest, news and Quran listening conditions. The time series analysis of power from each of three conditions in each frequency band from the grand averaged data was then subjected to autocorrelation study. The results showed significant cyclic overall trends of increasing and decreasing patterns of power in the low frequency brain wave oscillation of different head regions especially global, frontal and temporal sites. These results provided a basis for prediction of the periodicity of the power of the oscillatory brain dynamics of delta and robustly in theta regions which occurred during Quran listening. Despite several limitations, our data offered a plausible scientific basis to the emotional induction during Quran listening that mimics recognized as data from music listening studies. This offered a promising perspective for future studies in translational neurophysiological, cognitive and biofeedback on Quran listening to modify brain behaviour in health and disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Estimation of energy expenditure among Malaysian young adults: a pilot study comparing heart rate monitoring (HRM) method and activity diary (AD) method

Wong, Jyh Eiin, Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed, Poh, Bee Koon

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2010;6(2):93-100.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Accurate yet inexpensive methods for measuring free-living energy expenditure (EE) are
much needed. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of heart-rate monitoring method
(HRM) in measuring EE as compared to the established activity diary (AD) method. Methodology:
Minute-by-minute HRM and an activity diary (AD) were used simultaneously in 34 young adults (18
females, 16 males; mean age 21.5 ± 1.5 years). Estimates of the EE from HRM were based on individual
calibration using the Flex-HR procedure while EE from AD were calculated using both individually
measured and published energy cost of various activities. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and its
components (EE during sleep, during rest and during physical activity) were compared using Student
paired-t tests. Results: TDEE from HRM method averaged 8.17 ± 2.00 MJ/day compared to 8.50 ±
1.28 MJ/day from AD method. Although large intra-individual differences were found (ranging from
-36.9% to 47.4%), there was no significant difference between the two methods (mean difference -3.6 ± 19.4%). The limits of agreement (mean ± 2SD) were -3.77 and 3.11 MJ/day. There were no significant
differences for any of the TDEE components between the two methods, except for EE during sleep
(p

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext The child with suspected hearing loss

Philip R

Malays Fam Physician, 2013;8(2):65-66.
PMID: 25606288 MyJurnal

An 8-year-old girl was noticed by her parents to be less attentive and she would respond only after being called several times. She had just recovered from an upper respiratory tract infection two weeks before. The parents brought her to see a primary care physician. The patient had no other complaints, and the rest of the history was unremarkable. Physical examination was normal except for the otoscopic findings shown below (Figure 1) Tuning fork tests indicated conductive deafness.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext Sustainable development goals, universal health coverage and equity in health systems: the Orang Asli commons approach

Wong YS, Allotey P, Reidpath DD

Glob Health Epidemiol Genom, 2016;1:e12.
PMID: 29868204 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2016.8

Universal health coverage is a key health target in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that has the means to link equitable social and economic development. As a concept firmly based on equity, it is widely accepted at international and national levels as important for populations to attain 'health for all' especially for marginalised groups. However, implementing universal coverage has been fraught with challenges and the increasing privatisation of health care provision adds to the challenge because it is being implemented in a health system that rests on a property regime that promotes inequality. This paper asks the question, 'What does an equitable health system look like?' rather than the usual 'How do you make the existing health system more equitable?' Using an ethnographic approach, the authors explored via interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation a health system that uses the commons approach such as which exists with indigenous peoples and found features that helped make the system intrinsically equitable. Based on these features, the paper proposes an alternative basis to organise universal health coverage that will better ensure equity in health systems and ultimately contribute to meeting the SDGs.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Oligochaeta sebagai Penunjuk Biologi Ekosistem Lentik

Ahmad A.M., Shuhaimi Othman, Barzani-Gasim M., Mohd Alwi N.

Sains Malaysiana, 2004;33.

A preliminary study was conducted to determine the presence and abundance of aquatic worms in Lake Chini ecosystem, Pahang (Gumum Sea). Samplings were conducted twice in 2000. Water quality analysis was conducted to determine the water quality of the lake at the sampling locations. Results showed that nutrient levels in the water body was low and values for other physical parameters such as temperature, pH and conductivity suggested that Gumum Sea in Lake Chini is free from pollution. According to Malaysian interim river classification (Department of Environment, Malaysia), Lake Chini falls within class I to III which indicates good water quality. Annelida was the most dominant phylum found in the study area, which comprise of two major families namely Naididae and Tubificidae. This phylum contributed about 59% of the total individuals sampled and the rests were Arthropoda and Plathyhelmintes. Naididae was the most dominat family and contributed over 98% of the toal population of aquatic worms present. Dero, Aulophorus, Pristina, Branchiodrilus and Ripistes were amongst the dominant genera and showed good adaptations to the pollution free ecosystem of Lake Chini.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Fulltext USM Apex University Status: Transforming Higher Education For A Sustainable Tomorrow

Abd Razak D

Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Jan;16(1):1-6.
PMID: 22589642

This special editorial for the month of January 2009 is "THE" interview with Professor Tan Sri Dato' Dzulkifli Abdul Razak, Vice Chancellor of the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). He talked to us about the Apex University status that was conferred on 3rd September 2008. While most newspapers and the rest of the media were in frenzy interviewing him that month, MJMS decided to catch up with him on Monday 15th December 2008 just before the celebration at the Dewan Utama, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Sciences Campus to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Hospital University Sains Malaysia by Yang Berhormat, Minister of Higher Education Datuk Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin. References to USM as an APEX University are included at the end of this editorial especially for non-USM readers.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest
Intensive resistance exercise and circadian salivary testosterone concentrations among young male recreational lifters

Shariat A, Kargarfard M, Danaee M, Bahri Mohd Tamrin S

J Strength Cond Res, 2015 Jan;29(1):151-8.
PMID: 25051005 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000632

Strength and morphological adaptations to resistance exercise are mediated in part by anabolic hormones such as testosterone, yet the time course of variability in circadian hormone concentrations is not well characterized. This study, investigated how the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone is altered by resistance exercise in young men. Twenty healthy young male recreational lifters (age, 18.0 ± 1.3 years) with 2 years of experience in weightlifting were recruited. A randomized controlled trial was conducted, and subjects were randomly assigned to either the resistance exercise group (n = 10), who completed a series of resistance exercise (3 times a week, in the afternoon, 6-7 repetitions, at 85% of 1 repetition maximum for 3 weeks), or a control group (n = 10), who did not exercise during the 3 weeks. Before and after the study, an unstimulated saliva sample (2 ml) was taken every 2 hours for a maximum of 16 hours during each day. A significant decrease was observed in the resistance exercise (44.2%, p = 0.001) and control group (46.1%, p = 0.001) for salivary testosterone at each time point compared with baseline (p = 0.001). There was also no significant difference between the exercise and resting conditions in both groups for salivary testosterone (p > 0.05), except a significantly higher increase by 38.4% vs. -0.02% (p = 0.001), at 1730 hours during exercise sessions in the resistance exercise group compared with the control group. Resistance exercise has no noteworthy effect on circadian secretion of salivary testosterone throughout the 16 waking hours. These results indicate that athletes can undertake resistance exercise in either the morning or afternoon with the knowledge that a similar testosterone response can be expected regardless of the time of day.

Matched MeSH terms: Rest/physiology

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