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Fulltext Heritable variation in swimming performance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and negative genetic correlations with growth and harvest weight

Mengistu SB, Palstra AP, Mulder HA, Benzie JAH, Trinh TQ, Roozeboom C, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 05 26;11(1):11018.
PMID: 34040080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90418-w

Nile tilapia is predominantly produced in smallholder ponds without aeration. We hypothesize that Nile tilapia with high oxygen uptake efficiency (O2UE) may perform better under these conditions than Nile tilapia with low O2UE. Critical swimming speed (Ucrit, in cm s-1) is a potential indicator for O2UE. Our objectives were to estimate variance components for Ucrit and fish size at swim testing early in life, and genetic correlations (rg) between Ucrit with harvest weight (HW) and daily growth coefficient (DGC) later after grow-out in a non-aerated pond. Substantial heritability was found for absolute Ucrit (0.48). The estimated rg between absolute Ucrit and fish size at testing were all strong and positive (range 0.72-0.83). The estimated rg between absolute Ucrit and HW, and absolute Ucrit and DGC were - 0.21 and - 0.63 respectively, indicating that fish with higher absolute Ucrit had lower growth in the non-aerated pond as compared to fish with lower absolute Ucrit. These results suggest a juvenile trade-off between swimming and growth performance where fish with high Ucrit early in life show slower growth later under conditions of limited oxygen availability. We conclude that Ucrit in Nile tilapia is heritable and can be used to predict growth performance.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming*
Fulltext Influence of a Survival Swimming Training Programme on Water Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial among Young Adults in Sri Lanka

Ekanayaka J, Geok CK, Matthews B, Dharmaratne SD

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 10 30;18(21).
PMID: 34769944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111428

Drowning among young adults is high in Sri Lanka. Water safety education is a recommended strategy for drowning prevention but is often overlooked for young adults. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an adapted educational intervention, "Swim for Safety" on improving water safety knowledge, attitudes and survival swimming skills among undergraduates (19-28 years) in Sri Lanka. This study employed a parallel-group, two-arm randomized controlled trial design. The intervention group (n = 78) received a face-to-face, 12-lesson education programme, and the control group (n = 78) received a brochure and weekly mobile phone messages for six consecutive weeks. Baseline, post-intervention and three-month follow-up knowledge, attitudes and skills were evaluated. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire and skills were evaluated following a skills assessment protocol. In total 116 participants, 60 intervention group and 56 control group, completed the study. At baseline there were no differences between groups in median scores of water safety knowledge, attitudes and survival swimming skills. The intervention group demonstrated statistically significant increases in median water safety knowledge, attitudes and survival swimming skill scores compared with the control group, following the intervention and maintained at three-month follow-up (p < 0.05). The adapted Swim for Safety programme significantly improved water safety knowledge, attitudes, and survival swimming skills among young adults in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it is recommended that the SfS programme be implemented widely to prevent drowning in young adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming*
Fulltext Effect of Resistance Training Methods and Intensity on the Adolescent Swimmer's Performance: A Systematic Review

Guo W, Soh KG, Zakaria NS, Hidayat Baharuldin MT, Gao Y

Front Public Health, 2022;10:840490.
PMID: 35444975 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.840490

BACKGROUND: Resistance training has been widely used in various sports and improves competition performance, especially in swimming. Swimming performance is highly dependent on muscle strength, especially short distances. For adolescent athletes, the existing literature has bound to prove that resistance training is undoubtedly bound to improve swimmers' performance.
OBJECTIVES: This study adopts a systematic literature review to (1) examine the effects of resistance training on the performance of adolescent swimmers, and (2) summarize their training methods and intensity.
METHODS: The literature search was undertaken in five international databases: the SCOUPS, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), CNKL, Web of Science. The searches covered documents in English and Chinese published until 30th December 2020. Electronic databases using various keywords related to "strength training" and "adolescent swimmers" were searched. Sixteen studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria where the data was then systematically reviewed using the PRISMA guideline. Furthermore, the physical therapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used to measure each study's scientific rigor.
RESULTS: This review found that to improve the swimming performance of adolescents, two types of resistance training were used, specifically in water and on land, where both types of training can improve swimming performance. In addition, training with two types of resistance machines were better in the water than with one equipment. Resistance training can improve the swimming performance of adolescent swimmers at 50 m, 100 m, 200 m and 400 m distances. However, most studies only focused on the swimming performance at 50 m and 100 m lengths. A low-intensity, high-speed resistance training programme is recommended for adolescent swimmers to obtain the best training results.
CONCLUSION: Water or land resistance training can improve the swimming performance. Given that both types of exercises have their strengths and weaknesses, combining these methods may enhance the swimmers' performance. In addition, despite the starting and turning phases consuming up to one-third of the total swimming time for short distances, literature in this area is limited.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier: CRD42021231510.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming/physiology
The Transport Behavior of a Biflagellated Microswimmer before and after Cargo Loading

Teng XJ, Ng WM, Chong WH, Chan DJC, Mohamud R, Ooi BS, et al.

Langmuir, 2021 08 03;37(30):9192-9201.
PMID: 34255525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01345

The changes in the transport behavior of a microswimmer before and after cargo loading are crucial to understanding and control of the motion of a biohybrid microbot. In this work, we show the change in swimming behavior of biflagellated microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii picking up a 4.5 μm polystyrene microbead upon collision. The microswimmer changed from linear forward motion into helical motion upon the attachment of the cargo and swam with a decreased swimming velocity. We revealed the helical motion of the microswimmer upon cargo loading due to suppression of flagella by image analysis of magnified time-lapse images of C. reinhardtii with one microbead attached at the anterior end (between the flagella). Furthered suppression on the flagellum imposed by the loading of the second cargo has led to increased oscillation per displacement traveled and decreased swimming velocity. Moreover, the microswimmer with a microbead attached at the posterior end swam with swimming velocity close to free swimming microalgae and did not exhibit helical swimming behavior. The experimental results and analysis showed that the loading location of the cargo has a great influence over the swimming behavior of the microswimmer. Furthermore, the work balance calculation and mathematical analysis based on Lighthill's model are well consistent with our experimental findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Abundance, Fishing Season and Management Strategy for Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Pangkajene Kepulauan, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Wiyono ES, Ihsan

Trop Life Sci Res, 2018 Mar;29(1):1-15.
PMID: 29644012 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2018.29.1.1

In order to manage blue swimming crabs in Pangkajene Kepulauan, management measures are required. Since the environment which affects the abundance of the blue swimming crab varies seasonally, it is necessary to take into account the seasonal nature with the aim of developing a management strategy. The objectives of this study are to define the abundance of and fishing season of blue swimming crabs in the Pangkajene Kepulauan waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The fishing season was analysed using seasonal index analysis, while fish abundance was analysed by means of Equilibrium-Schaefer. The result of this study demonstrated that fishermen allocate their fishing gear all year, although the fish catch is seasonal. Based on analysis of the result, the fishing season for the blue swimming crabs is short. The peak fishing season starts in May and finishes in June. However, in order to enable their families to earn a living, fishermen operated their fishing gear throughout the year. As a result, both catch landing and effort were close to maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In order to reduce fishing pressure, it is necessary to reduce fishing gear and have a seasonal arrangement regarding fishing gear allocation.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Tropical sharks feasting on and swimming through microplastics: First evidence from Malaysia

Matupang DM, Zulkifli HI, Arnold J, Lazim AM, Ghaffar MA, Musa SM

Mar Pollut Bull, 2023 Apr;189:114762.
PMID: 36870137 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114762

Plastic can be degraded into microplastic (<5 mm) and has been polluting worldwide marine environment and negatively impact human health. Microplastics in marine organisms are still understudied in Malaysia, let alone from a subclass Elasmobranchii. Five tropical shark species (Carcharhinus dussumieri, Carcharhinus sorrah, Chiloscyllium hasseltii, Chiloscyllium punctatum, and Scoliodon laticaudus) were examined for the presence of microplastics. 74 sharks were sampled from the local wet market and 100 % of samples contained microplastics. A total of 2211 plastic particles were found in gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) and gills, where 29.88 ± 2.34 particles per shark (mean ± SEM). Black (40.07 %) and fiber (84.44 %) microplastics were the most dominant. Extracted microplastic sizes ranged from 0.007 mm to 4.992 mm. This study suggests that microplastic uptake is gender-related for some shark species. A subsample of microplastics (10 %) was used for polymer type identification, where polyester was recorded the highest (43.95 %).

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Combined effects of pentachlorophenol and nano-TiO2 with different sizes on antioxidant, digestive, and immune responses of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

Lan X, Huang W, Sun B, Waiho K, Song H, Hu M, et al.

Aquat Toxicol, 2024 May;270:106900.
PMID: 38537436 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106900

Marine nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) pollution are escalating concerns in coastal areas. This study investigated the combined effects of continuous exposure to nano-TiO2 (25 nm, 100 nm) and PCP (0, 1, 10 μg/L) for 28 days on the antioxidant, digestive, and immune abilities of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Compared with the control group, the interaction between nano-TiO2 and PCP was significantly higher than exposure to a single stressor, with a pronounced decrease in amylase activity observed due to the reducing nano-TiO2 particle sizes. Resulting in increased MDA and SOD activity. The expression levels of Toll4, CSP3, and SER genes in crab hemolymph showed perturbations following exposure to nano-TiO2 and PCP. In summary, according to the results of CAT, GPX, PES and AMS enzyme activities, it was concluded that compared to the larger particle size (100 nm), the single stress of nano-TiO2 at a smaller particle size (25 nm) and co-stress with PCP have more significant impacts on P. trituberculatus. However, the potential physiological regulation mechanism of the interaction between these pollutants remains elusive and requires further study.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Assessment of swimming associated health effects in marine bathing beach: an example from Morib beach (Malaysia)

Praveena SM, Pauzi NM, Hamdan M, Sham SM

Mar Pollut Bull, 2015 Mar 15;92(1-2):222-6.
PMID: 25597267 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.003

A survey among beachgoers was conducted to determine the swimming associated health effects experienced and its relationship with beach water exposure behaviour in Morib beach. For beach water exposure behaviour, the highest frequency of visit among the respondents was once a year (41.9%). For ways of water exposure, whole body exposure including head was the highest (38.5%). For duration of water exposure, 30.8% respondents prefer to be in water for about 30 min with low possibilities of accidental ingestion of beach water. A total of 30.8% of beachgoers in Morib beach were reported of having dermal symptoms. Bivariate analysis showed only water activity, water contact and accidental ingestion of beach water showed significant association with swimming associated health effects experienced by swimmers. This study output showed that epidemiological study can be used to identify swimming associated health effects in beach water exposed to faecal contamination.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming*
Fulltext An epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of leptospirosis associated with swimming, Beaufort, Sabah

Koay TK, Nirmal S, Noitie L, Tan E

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Oct;59(4):455-9.
PMID: 15779577

From October 13 to October 21, 1999, a total of 46 males, aged 8 to 19 years, were admitted to Beaufort Hospital after swimming in the creek near an oil palm plantation in Kampung (Kg) Kebatu, Beaufort. Thirty (30) presented with symptoms including fever, vomiting, bodyache, giddiness, headache, chest pain and cough, while 16 others, were asymptomatic. One, a 15 year old boy, died from haemorrhagic shock secondary to pulmonary haemorrhage. The onset of the illness was from 11 October to 19 October 1999. A case-control study found that the outbreak was associated with swimming in the creek (p<0.0001). A total of 44 paired sera samples were sent for microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 5 pairs showed sero-conversion, 3 pairs had 4 fold rise in titre and 18 pairs were positive at >320. The findings indicated that Leptospirosis was the cause of the outbreak of this illness and the contaminated creek water was the source of the infection. The occurrence of flooding and stagnation in the creek following the heavy rainfall during the first week of October 1999 could have contributed to the timing of the outbreak.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming*
Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, prefer branchial ionoregulation at high feeding rates and kidney ionoregulation when food supply is limited: additional effects of cortisol and exercise

Liew HJ, Pelle A, Chiarella D, Faggio C, Tang CH, Blust R, et al.

Fish Physiol Biochem, 2020 Feb;46(1):451-469.
PMID: 31773438 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00736-0

This study aims to examine ionoregulatory parameters during exercise and cortisol elevation in common carp fed different food rations. Fish subjected to two different feeding regimes (0.5 or 3.0% body mass (BM) daily) received no implant or an intraperitoneal cortisol implant (250 mg/kg BM) or sham, and were monitored over a 168-h post-implant (PI) period under resting, low aerobic swimming or exhaustive swimming conditions. Plasma osmolality was maintained at relatively stable levels without much influence of feeding, swimming or cortisol, especially in low feeding groups. Nevertheless, a transient hyponatremia was observed in all low feeding fish implanted with cortisol. The hyponatremia was more pronounced in fish swum to exhaustion but even in this group, Na+ levels returned to control levels as cortisol levels recovered (168 h-PI). Cortisol-implanted fish also had lower plasma Cl- levels, and this loss of plasma Cl- was more prominent in fish fed a high ration during exhaustive swimming (recovered at 168 h-PI). Cortisol stimulated branchial NKA and H+ ATPase activities, especially in high ration fish. In contrast, low ration fish upregulated kidney NKA and H+ ATPase activities when experiencing elevated levels of cortisol. In conclusion, low feeding fish experience an ionoregulatory disturbance in response to cortisol implantation especially when swum to exhaustion in contrast to high feeding fish.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming/physiology
Fulltext Synchronous activity lowers the energetic cost of nest escape for sea turtle hatchlings

Rusli MU, Booth DT, Joseph J

J Exp Biol, 2016 05 15;219(Pt 10):1505-13.
PMID: 27207954 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134742

A potential advantage of group movement in animals is increased locomotion efficiency. This implies a reduced energetic cost for individuals that occur in larger groups such as herds, flocks and schools. When chelonian hatchlings hatch in the underground nest with finite energy for their post-hatching dispersal phase, they face the challenge of minimizing energetic expenditure while escaping the nest. The term 'social facilitation' has been used to describe the combined digging effort of sea turtle hatchlings during nest escape. Given that in a normal clutch, a substantial part of the energy reserve within the residual yolk is used by hatchlings in the digging out process, a decreased cohort size may reduce the energy reserve available to cross the beach and sustain the initial swimming frenzy. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by varying cohort size in hatchling green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and measuring energy expenditure during the nest escape process using open-flow respirometry. The energetic cost of escaping through 40 cm of sand was calculated to vary between 4.4 and 28.3 kJ per individual, the cost decreasing as the number of individuals in the cohort increased. This represents 11-68% of the energy contained in a hatchling's residual yolk at hatching. The reduced energetic cost associated with large cohorts resulted from both a lower metabolic rate per individual and a shortened nest escape time. We conclude that synchronous digging activity of many hatchlings during nest escape evolved not only to facilitate rapid nest emergence but also to reduce the energetic cost to individuals.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming/physiology
Fulltext Data on the molting duration and time of hardening of instar crab at different culture temperatures

Ikhwanuddin M, Abol-Munafi AB, Azra MN

Data Brief, 2019 Aug;25:104196.
PMID: 31321277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104196

This data article includes raw and analyze data for molting duration and time of hardening of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus instar at three different temperatures of 24 °C, 28 °C, and 32 °C. Two sets of experimental data are included: first, the recorded on time-lapse video of duration of successful molted crabs (from emergence of swimming legs to chelae); and second, the time interval of shell hardening up to before molting occurred. Shell hardening were calculated in 1 h interval with a unit of x hour molting crab-1, meanwhile the molting duration of the crabs were calculated in x second molting crab-1. Video files were then analyzed using the latest version of Solomon Coder software developed by A. Peter. Relationship between culture temperature and the time of molting and carapace hardening are also included in this article. The dataset is made publicly available to enable critical or extended analyzes.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Fulltext Developmental practice activities of elite youth swimmers

Tan, Angelina Li San, Low, Jeffrey Fook Lee

Movement Health & Exercise, 2014;3(1):27-37.
MyJurnal

The purpose of the study was to examine the developmental pathways of elite youth swimmers. Swim-related developmental activities of elite and sub-elite youth swimmers were examined. Fifteen elite (8 males; 7 females) and 15 subelite (5 males; 10 females) youth swimmers were recruited for the study. A semistructured questionnaire was used to record retrospectively the hours engaged in swim-related activities (i.e., structured and unstructured activities) from beginning of career. No significant differences were found for swim-related developmental milestones for both elite and sub-elite swimmers. Overall, the elite swimmers accumulated more hours in swim-related activities than the sub-elites between 6-15 years of age. Although the former accumulated more hours in both structured and unstructured swimming activities between 6-12 years of age, no significant differences were found between the groups. However, the elite swimmers accumulated significantly more hours in structured swimming activities between 13-15 years of age. Both groups had analogous developmental pathways during childhood but the onset of adolescence led to different outcomes. The increased hours in structured practice during adolescence is suggested to have influenced the level of attainment in swimmers. Incremental amount of training at certain age period is critical in developing optimum performance in sports.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Fulltext Optimization of the cytogenetic protocol for Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Okomoda VT, Koh ICC, Hassan A, Amornsakun T, Moh JHZ, Shahreza SM

PeerJ, 2018;6:e5712.
PMID: 30416879 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5712

To obtain well spread chromosomes, the cytogenetic protocol for Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and Clarias gariepinus were optimized. This includes, the colchicine concentration (0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%)/exposure duration (1, 3, and 5 h), hypotonic solution (distilled water or 0.075M KCl solution)/exposure duration (30 min, 1, and 2 h), the time of cell suspension preparation (at hypotonic treatment or before slide preparation) and chromosome aging period (0, 3, and 7 days in Carnoy's fixative). In addition, the type (i.e., fin, gill or kidney) and the amount of tissue (10, 50, 100 or 150 mg) were also investigated. Regardless of the species, the result obtained showed that well-spread chromosomes could be obtained using the following optimized protocol: Juveniles are injected with 0.05% colchicine (at one ml kg-1) and allowed to swim for 3 h. Then, 50 mg of gill tissue is made into cell suspension in 0.075M KCl for 1 h. The cell suspension is treated in Carnoy's fixative (changed three times at 20 min interval) and then aged for 3 days. Finally, chromosome slides are made and stained with 10% Giemsa for 1 h.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Strain-related physiological and behavioral effects of Skeletonema marinoi on three common planktonic copepods

Md Amin R, Koski M, Båmstedt U, Vidoudez C

Mar Biol, 2011;158(9):1965-1980.
PMID: 24391269

Three strains of the chain-forming diatom Skeletonema marinoi, differing in their production of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) and nutritional food components, were used in experiments on feeding, egg production, hatching success, pellet production, and behavior of three common planktonic copepods: Acartia tonsa, Pseudocalanus elongatus, and Temora longicornis. The three different diatom strains (9B, 1G, and 7J) induced widely different effects on Acartia tonsa physiology, and the 9B strain induced different effects for the three copepods. In contrast, different strains induced no or small alterations in the distribution, swimming behavior, and turning frequency of the copepods. 22:6(n-3) fatty acid (DHA) and sterol content of the diet typically showed a positive effect on either egg production (A. tonsa) or hatching success (P. elongatus), while other measured compounds (PUA, other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) of the algae had no obvious effects. Our results demonstrate that differences between strains of a given diatom species can generate effects on copepod physiology, which are as large as those induced by different algae species or groups. This emphasizes the need to identify the specific characteristics of local diatoms together with the interacting effects of different mineral, biochemical, and toxic compounds and their potential implications on different copepod species.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Fulltext Some Biological Aspects of Bigeye Scad, Selar crumenophthalmus from Bangaa Faru, Maldives

Fadzly N, Adeeb S, Md Sah ASR

Trop Life Sci Res, 2017 Jul;28(2):127-141.
PMID: 28890766 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.2.10

In this paper, we studied some biological aspects of big eye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) from Maldives. The fish sample was collected from the local fish market at Bangaa Faru, Male, Maldives. The length of the samples were ranged from 7.7 cm to 24.5 cm (mean value = 16.85 ± 2.82 cm) in fork length. Body weight ranged between 8 g to 255.6 g (mean value = 87.76 ± 40.41 g). The exponent values (b slope) of lengthweight relationship of S. crumenophthalmus are 2.9838 for females and 2.7687 for males; indicating negative allometric growth pattern for both sexes. Synchronous reproductive behaviour was observed in both sexes and a pronounced peak of Gonadosomatic index was observed in females in January 2013. It is estimated that length at first maturity (L50) for females is at 19.39 cm FL and for males at 21.76 cm FL. Our result also suggest that big eye scad have a reduced swimming capability, resulting the species to be easily caught. Careful planning and management should be implemented to prevent the big eye scad from being overfished.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
The Feeding Ecology of the Blue Swimming Crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758), at Kung Krabaen Bay, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand

Kunsook C, Gajaseni N, Paphavasit N

Trop Life Sci Res, 2014 Aug;25(1):13-27.
PMID: 25210585

The natural diet of blue swimming crabs, Portunus pelagicus, was investigated from October 2008 to October 2009 using hand sampling and a crab gill net. The results showed that the major prey items in the stomach contents of P. pelagicus were teleost fish (29.61%), organic matter (20.69%), crustaceans (18.3%) and shelled molluscs (11.46%). Significant differences were found in diet composition between juvenile and mature crabs, between crabs inside and outside the bay and among seasons. In contrast, significant differences were not found between male and female crabs.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Fulltext The relative age effects among Malaysian age group swimmers

Punita Marapen, Low, Jeffrey Fook Lee

Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 2015;4(1):1-8.
MyJurnal

The relative age effect (RAE) is the effects of differences between athletes born in the early compared to the later months of the year. This study investigated the presence of RAE among 306 age-group swimmers competing in the 2014 Malaysian Schools Sports Competition (MSSM). Participants’ birthdates were grouped according to four birth quartiles (Q1- Jan to Mar; Q2- Apr to June; Q3 – July to September; Q4 – October to December). Data analyzed using chi-squared goodness-of-fit showed there was a significant difference among overall male but not for the female swimmers. There was a presence of RAE in the U-12 and U-15 but none in the U-18 boys’ category. Further analyses on the medal winners showed no RAEs on both gender. Physical attributes of the male swimmers, especially the early adolescents are suggested to influence the relative age effects in swimming.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming
Fulltext Waterborne parasites: a current status from the Philippines

Onichandran S, Kumar T, Salibay CC, Dungca JZ, Tabo HA, Tabo N, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:244.
PMID: 24885105 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-244

Despite the amount of awareness created, waterborne disease still poses threat, especially in developing countries. Due to the scarcity of reported data on waterborne parasites, the consumption of unsafe water prolongs. Thus, the occurrences of waterborne parasites from various samples were investigated from one of the Southeast Asian country, the Philippines.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming Pools/standards
Case study: beverage temperature at aid stations in ironman triathlon

Burdon CA, Johnson NA, Chapman PG, Munir Che Muhamed A, O'Connor HT

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2013 Aug;23(4):418-24.
PMID: 23295183

The aim of this study was to measure the effect of environmental conditions and aid-station beverage- cooling practices on the temperature of competitor beverages.

Matched MeSH terms: Swimming/physiology*

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