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  1. Cheah PL, Yap SF, Looi LM, Sivanesaratnam V
    Malays J Pathol, 1991 Jun;13(1):37-41.
    PMID: 1795560
    Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCC-Ag), first described by Kato and Torigoe in 1977, has been cited by various workers as a serological marker for some epithelial neoplasms. The most well-studied is its association with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. In January 1989, we embarked on a prospective, multivariate study at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur to assess the usefulness of serologically assaying SCC-Ag (using the Abbott RIA diagnostic kit) in our patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. We were also interested to ascertain whether SCC-Ag is a 'general' marker for all histological types of cervical carcinoma or specific for squamous carcinoma. From the time of commencement to June 1990, 35 newly-diagnosed and histologically-proven cases were entered into the study. Of these, 4 were keratinising squamous carcinoma, 18 large cell non-keratinising carcinoma, 3 adenosquamous carcinoma, 7 adenocarcinoma and 3 carcinoma-in-situ. Our preliminary results show that all keratinising squamous carcinoma and 1/3 each of large cell non-keratinising carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and carcinoma-in-situ had positive pre-therapy serum SCC-Ag levels (i.e greater than 2 ng/ml, 2 ng/ml being an arbitrarily selected 'cut-off' value). In contrast, no adenocarcinoma was serologically positive. In addition, keratinising squamous carcinoma had the highest mean pre-therapy serum SCC-Ag level. The results imply that serum SCC-Ag is related to the (1) presence of squamous and not glandular differentiation and (2) degree of squamous differentiation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology*
  2. Kwang NB, Mahayudin T, Yien HL, Abdul Karim AK, Teik CK, Shan LP
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2016;17(1):267-74.
    PMID: 26838222
    BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Studies evaluating the effect of health education on knowledge and perception of cervical cancer have generated conflicting results. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of educational intervention towards knowledge of HPV vacccination for cervical cancer prevention among pre-university students in Malaysia.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an experimental before and after study performed between October 2014 and March 2015. Five hundred and eighty students were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. All were required to complete both pre-intervention and post-intervention questionnaires. Those in the intervention group were given an information leaflet to read before answering the post-intervention questionnaire.

    RESULTS: Almost half (48.3%) of the students had poor knowledge, with a score less than 5, and only 51 (8.8%) exhibited good knowledge, with a score of 11 and above. After educational intervention, the number of students with poor knowledge was reduced to 177 (29.3%) and the number of students who exhibited good knowledge increased to 148 (25.5%). Students from the intervention group demonstrated significant higher total scores in knowledge regarding 'HPV infection and cervical cancer' (p=0.000) and 'HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention' (p=0.000) during post-intervention as compared to the control group.

    CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge on HPV infection and vaccination is low among pre-university students. Educational intervention in the form of information leaflets appears effective in creating awareness and improving knowledge.

    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
  3. Hayati AR, Zulkarnaen M
    Int J Gynecol Pathol, 2007 Jan;26(1):83-8.
    PMID: 17197902
    Cervical carcinoma is the second leading cancer in women in Malaysia, after breast cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the development of dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the confinement of the human papillomavirus infection within the epithelial layer, the presence of dentritic cells or Langerhans cells in epithelial layer of the ectocervix is paramount in producing immune response. The mature dentritic cells express CD83 and high CD40/80/86, whereas the immature cells express CD1a and low CD40/80/86. By identifying CD1a and CD83, theoretically, both immature and mature dentritic cell populations can be studied. In view of the facts, we investigated the infiltrating cell density of mature and immature dentritic cells in cervical neoplasia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology*
  4. Al-Naggar RA, Bobryshev YV
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011;12(8):2045-9.
    PMID: 22292648
    OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to determine the practice of HPV vaccine among Malaysian women in the general population.
    METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 233 women during the Academic Year 2010/2011. Written consent was obtained from the participants and written information about the study was given enclosed with the questionnaire form, consisting of questions on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about HPV and practice of HPV vaccination. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Management and Science University (MSU). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13. The T-test and ANOVA test were used to explore the relation between socio-demographic characteristics and the practice of HPV vaccine.
    RESULTS: The majority of the participants were from the age group 17-30 years old, Malay, single and having tertiary education (67.8, 62.7, 62.2, 86.3%; respectively). As for knowledge, the majority of them heard about HPV (82.4%), knew that multiple sex partners increase the risk (71.7%). Regarding the practice of HPV vaccine among respondents, slightly more than half had been vaccinated (51.5%). Regarding the factors that influenced the practice of HPV vaccine among general population; age, marital status and family monthly income were significant (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001; respectively).
    CONCLUSION: Age, marital status and income significantly influence the practice of HPV vaccine. Therefore promotion of HPV vaccine and inclusion in the national vaccination program is very important for primary prevention of cervical cancer among women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology*
  5. Wong LP
    Vaccine, 2009 Feb 25;27(9):1410-5.
    PMID: 19150379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.045
    This qualitative study used focus group discussions (FGDs) to evaluate information needed in order to make informed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination decision, opinion on the most acceptable public education messages, and channel of delivery in a multiethnic, multicultural and multireligion country. A total of 19 FGDs were conducted among mothers of eligible vaccinees, young women eligible for the vaccine, and men. Messages that carry accurate information about HPV-cervical cancer link, the HPV preventive vaccines and at the same time minimize the stigma of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) vaccine were preferred. Educational messages for future HPV educational intervention were developed and methods to effectively convey to the public the need for HPV vaccination were identified. The findings serve as a basis for future intervention to develop research-based communication materials and strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
  6. Jeyachelvi K, Juwita S, Norwati D
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2016;17(8):3983-8.
    PMID: 27644649
    BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer though preventable is still the leading cause of cancer death among women secondary to breast cancer. Persistent infection with HPV has been causally linked to the disease. A school based HPV vaccination program was introduced in late 2010 in Malaysia and nurse support is essential for its success.
    OBJECTIVES: To determine nurses knowledge and attitudes about HPV infection and its vaccines, and factors associated with their knowledge.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working at primary health clinics in Kelantan from mid-June till the end of July 2014. Its involved 330 nurses selected through multistage random sampling. A validated self-administered questionnaire consisting of 11 items for the knowledge domain and eight items for the attitude domain was used.
    RESULTS: The response rate of the study was 93.7%. The mean knowledge and mean attitude (SD) scores were 5.37 (1.76) and 29.8 (3.51) respectively. Only 24% knew that HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection and 67% correctly answered that Gardasil vaccine can protect against four types of HPV. Nearly 60% of participants wrongly answered that HPV vaccines cannot be offered to sexually active women. Likewise, 70.9% participants were not aware that HPV vaccine may be appropriate for females aged 9 through 26 years. Though 90% of participants believed that the vaccine is safe, nearly half of them were unsure about efficacy. From multiple linear regression analysis, among the factors tested only participant's level of education showed a statistically significant association with the HPV knowledge score (<0.001).
    CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates nurses have favorable attitudes towards HPV vaccination; however they have significant knowledge deficit and major misunderstanding in critical knowledge items. Among the factors tested, nursing qualification is the only factor that is significantly associated with the nurses knowledge score.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
  7. Sainei NE, Kumar VS, Chin YS, Salih FAM
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2018 Oct 26;19(10):2807-2813.
    PMID: 30360610
    Background: Cervical cancer is currently the third most common female cancer in Malaysia , with the human
    papillomavirus (HPV) considered as one of the important contributory factors. This study was conducted to determine
    HPV prevalence, its genotype distribution, and other potential risk factors among women in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
    in order to evaluate the likely efficacy of current HPV vaccines in the local population. Methods: A total of 240
    cervical samples were collected and subjected to DNA extraction, PCR amplification using the MY09/MY11 primer
    pair, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for HPV detection and genotyping. Sociodemographic,
    clinical, and behavioural data were also collected via questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of HPV infection was
    9.6%. The most common HPVs among 13 genotypes were high-risk HPV-56 (16.7%) and probable high-risk HPV-70
    (16.7%) followed by HPV-16, -58, -53, -61, -33, -59, and -66 (in decreasing order of prevalence) including the rare
    genotypes: HPV-62, -81, -82 and -84. Statistical analyses using logistic regression models showed that HPV infection
    was significantly associated with employment (OR 4.94; CI 1.58-15.40) and education at secondary/high school level
    (OR 0.13; CI 0.03-0.62). Conclusion: Distribution of HPV genotypes in Sabah indicated a high prevalence of HPV-56
    and -70 which are among the rare HPV types in West Malaysia and merit consideration in future strategies for HPV
    vaccination specifically for local Sabahan women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
  8. Se Thoe SY, Wong KK, Pathmanathan R, Sam CK, Cheng HM, Prasad U
    Gynecol Oncol, 1993 Aug;50(2):168-72.
    PMID: 8397152
    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) receptors (EBV/C3d receptors) were detected, using the monoclonal antibody HB5, on 23 ectocervical and 5 endocervical biopsies of the uterine cervix. Elevated IgA titers against the viral capsid antigen and early antigen of EBV were also found in the cervical secretions from cervical carcinoma patients (83%), compared with samples from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (75%), herpes simplex virus-infected patients (0%), and gynecologic patients with nonmalignant conditions (0%). EBV DNA was present in 63% of cervical carcinoma biopsies detected by in situ hybridization. These observations suggest a positive association between EBV and carcinoma of the cervix.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
  9. Mathew A, Cheng HM, Sam CK, Joab I, Prasad U, Cochet C
    Cancer Immunol Immunother, 1994 Jan;38(1):68-70.
    PMID: 8299121
    The BamHI Z EBV replication activator (ZEBRA) protein is involved in the switch from latency to productive cycle of Epstein-Barr virus. A recombinant ZEBRA protein was synthesized and assessed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serum IgG response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. In 100 NPC serum samples that were positive for IgA to the EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA), 75% had IgG anti-ZEBRA antibodies. In contrast, only 3/83 (3.6%) serum samples from healthy donors and 2/50 (4%) from other cancers were positive for IgG to ZEBRA. Interestingly, in a selected group of 100 NPC sera negative for IgA to VCA, 25% contained IgG anti-ZEBRA antibodies. This suggests that the ELISA for IgG anti-ZEBRA may also identify earlier cases of NPC not detected by the conventional immunofluorescence test for IgA to VCA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
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