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Transient electro-magneto-hydrodynamic two-phase blood flow and thermal transport through a capillary vessel

Mirza IA, Abdulhameed M, Vieru D, Shafie S

Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2016 Dec;137:149-166.
PMID: 28110721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.09.014

Therapies with magnetic/electromagnetic field are employed to relieve pains or, to accelerate flow of blood-particles, particularly during the surgery. In this paper, a theoretical study of the blood flow along with particles suspension through capillary was made by the electro-magneto-hydrodynamic approach. Analytical solutions to the non-dimensional blood velocity and non-dimensional particles velocity are obtained by means of the Laplace transform with respect to the time variable and the finite Hankel transform with respect to the radial coordinate. The study of thermally transfer characteristics is based on the energy equation for two-phase thermal transport of blood and particles suspension with viscous dissipation, the volumetric heat generation due to Joule heating effect and electromagnetic couple effect. The solution of the nonlinear heat transfer problem is derived by using the velocity field and the integral transform method. The influence of dimensionless system parameters like the electrokinetic width, the Hartman number, Prandtl number, the coefficient of heat generation due to Joule heating and Eckert number on the velocity and temperature fields was studied using the Mathcad software. Results are presented by graphical illustrations.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/physiology*
Fulltext Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the pseudobranch tissue of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Rahim SM, Mazlan AG, Simon KD, Delaunoy JP, Laurent P

J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 2014 Feb;15(2):194-200.
PMID: 24510712 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B1200297

Pseudobranch function has long interested scientists, but its role has yet to be elucidated. Several studies have suggested that pseudobranchs serve respiratory, osmoregulatory, and sensory functions. This work investigated the immunolocalization of pseudobranch carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the teleost fish species rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to clarify its physiological function. CA was purified from rainbow trout gills O. mykiss and specific antibodies were raised. Immunoblotting between tissue homogenates of pseudobranch and gill CA antibodies showed specific immunostaining with only one band corresponding to CA in the pseudobranch homogenate. Results of immunohistochemical technique revealed that CA was distributed within pseudobranch cells and more precisely in the apical parts (anti-vascular) of cells. The basal (vascular) parts of cells, tubular system, blood capillaries, and pillar cells were not immunostained. Immunocytochemistry confirmed these results and showed that some CA enzyme was cytoplasmic and the remainder was linked to membranous structures. The results also showed that the lacunar tissue layers did not display immunoperoxidase activity. Our results indicated that pseudobranch CA may have a function related to the extracellular medium wherein CA intervenes with the mechanism of stimulation of afferent nerve fibers.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/metabolism
Enhancing the radiation dose detection sensitivity of optical fibres

Bradley DA, Mahdiraji GA, Ghomeishi M, Dermosesian E, Adikan FR, Rashid HA, et al.

Appl Radiat Isot, 2015 Jun;100:43-9.
PMID: 25533626 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.005

A method for improving the thermoluminescence (TL) yield of silica-based optical fibres is demonstrated. Using silica obtained from a single manufacturer, three forms of pure (undoped) fibre (capillary-, flat-, and photonic crystal fibre (PCF)) and two forms of Ge-doped fibre (capillary- and flat-fibre) were fabricated. The pure fibre samples were exposed to 6 and 21MeV electrons, the doped fibres to 6MV photons. The consistent observation of large TL yield enhancement is strongly suggestive of surface-strain defects generation. For 6MeV irradiations of flat-fibre and PCF, respective TL yields per unit mass of about 12.0 and 17.5 times that of the undoped capillary-fibre have been observed. Similarly, by making a Ge-doped capillary-fibre into flat-fibre, the TL response is found to increase by some 6.0 times. Thus, in addition to TL from the presence of a dopant, the increase in fused surface areas of flat-fibres and PCF is seen to be a further important source of TL. The glow-curves of the undoped fibres have been analysed by computational deconvolution. Trap centre energies have been estimated and compared for the various fibre samples. Two trap centre types observed in capillary-fibre are also observed in flat-fibre and PCF. An additional trap centre in flat-fibre and one further trap centre in PCF are observed when compared to capillary fibre. These elevated-energy trap centres are linked with strain-generated defects in the collapsed regions of the flat fibre and PCF.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Fulltext The Spetzler-Martin Grading System and management of patients with intracranial arteriovenous malformation in a tertiary referral hospital

Al-Edrus, S. A., Suhaimi, S. N., Noor Azman, A. R., Latif, A. Z., Sobri, M.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2010;6(1):91-99.
MyJurnal

Introduction: An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal collection of blood vessels in which arterial blood flows directly into the draining vein without the normal interposed capillaries. The Spetzler-Martin grading system has been widely accepted worldwide to estimate the pretreatment risks and predict the outcome of patients with intracranial AVM. In Malaysia, we still do not have the baseline data of this grading system. Methods: A total of 33 patients from a tertiary referral hospital diagnosed with intracranial AVM based on neuroimaging findings over a 4-year period were studied. Medical
records were traced and neuroimaging findings were analysed. The AVMs were graded according to the Spetzler-Martin grading system and Fisher’s exact test was used to assess statistical difference between the grades of the AVM and management plan for the patients. Results: Four patients were graded as Grade 1, 9 patients as Grade II, 10 patients as Grade III, 6 patients as Grade IV and 4 patients as Grade V. Ten patients were treated conservatively; six patients underwent surgery and embolisation respectively. Four patients underwent radiosurgery and a combination of embolisation while surgery and radiosurgery were given to 5 patients and 2 patients respectively. Statistically significant difference (p=0.016) was found between the Spetzler-Martin grading system and the management of intracranial AVMs. Conclusion: The management decision was not made based on the
grading of the AVMs. It is recommended that all AVM patients be routinely graded according to this system prior to treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Fulltext Angioarchitecture of brain arteriovenous malformations and the risk of bleeding: an analysis of patients in northeastern malaysia

Kandai S, Abdullah MS, Naing NN

Malays J Med Sci, 2010 Jan;17(1):44-8.
PMID: 22135525

Central nervous system arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a vascular malformation of the brain and involves entanglement of veins and arteries without an intervening capillary bed. Affecting predominantly young male patients, AVM presents with different clinical manifestations namely headache, seizures, neurological deficit and intracranial haemorrhage. The patients who present acutely with intracranial bleeding have a significant morbidity and mortality. The aim is to study the angioarchitecture of brain AVM (BAVM) and determine the risk factors for intracranial bleeding. Ultimately, the goal of the study is to look for the association between volume of haematoma and architecture of BAVM.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Analysis of foveal avascular zone in colour fundus images for grading of diabetic retinopathy severity

Ahmad Fadzil M, Ngah NF, George TM, Izhar LI, Nugroho H, Adi Nugroho H

Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2010;2010:5632-5.
PMID: 21097305 DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5628041

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight threatening complication due to diabetes mellitus that affects the retina. At present, the classification of DR is based on the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity. In this paper, FAZ enlargement with DR progression is investigated to enable a new and an effective grading protocol DR severity in an observational clinical study. The performance of a computerised DR monitoring and grading system that digitally analyses colour fundus image to measure the enlargement of FAZ and grade DR is evaluated. The range of FAZ area is optimised to accurately determine DR severity stage and progression stages using a Gaussian Bayes classifier. The system achieves high accuracies of above 96%, sensitivities higher than 88% and specificities higher than 96%, in grading of DR severity. In particular, high sensitivity (100%), specificity (>98%) and accuracy (99%) values are obtained for No DR (normal) and Severe NPDR/PDR stages. The system performance indicates that the DR system is suitable for early detection of DR and for effective treatment of severe cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/pathology
Immunotactoid glomerulopathy--an unusual deposition disease: report of the first Malaysian case

Cheah PL, Looi LM, Ghazalli R, Chua CT

Malays J Pathol, 1999 Jun;21(1):59-62.
PMID: 10879280

A 31-year-old Malay female presented with nephrotic syndrome without renal impairment. Renal biopsy features were in keeping with immunotactoid glomerulopathy (ITG). Non-Congophilic deposits were seen causing thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane with segmental accentuation, and widening of the mesangium. Immunofluorescence examination showed moderate amounts of IgG and C3 in the glomerular capillary walls with some in the mesangium. Ultrastructurally, 20-nm thick fibrils with microtubular organisation were present predominantly in the subendothelial region with similar fibrils in the mesangium. Although immunotactoid glomerulopathy and fibrillary glomerulonephritis (FG) have been recognised as entities with extracellular fibrillary material in the kidney, to date much remains to be clarified regarding these 2 conditions. While the renal biopsy findings in this patient are consistent with ITG, her clinical presentation is unlike that of usual ITG in that she is of a much younger age and has no associated haemopoietic disorder. Response to initial treatment of 8 weeks of prednisolone therapy was poor.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/pathology
Fulltext Compliance with dietary guidelines affects capillary recruitment in healthy middle-aged men and women

Govoni V, Sanders TAB, Reidlinger DP, Darzi J, Berry SEE, Goff LM, et al.

Eur J Nutr, 2017 Apr;56(3):1037-1044.
PMID: 26746219 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1151-3

PURPOSE: Healthy microcirculation is important to maintain the health of tissues and organs, most notably the heart, kidney and retina. Single components of the diet such as salt, lipids and polyphenols may influence microcirculation, but the effects of dietary patterns that are consistent with current dietary guidelines are uncertain. It was hypothesized that compliance to UK dietary guidelines would have a favourable effect on skin capillary density/recruitment compared with a traditional British diet (control diet).
METHODS: A 12-week randomized controlled trial in men and women aged 40-70 years was used to test whether skin microcirculation, measured by skin video-capillaroscopy on the dorsum of the finger, influenced functional capillary density (number of capillaries perfused under basal conditions), structural capillary density (number of anatomical capillaries perfused during finger cuff inflation) and capillary recruitment (percentage difference between structural and functional capillary density).
RESULTS: Microvascular measures were available for 137 subjects out of the 165 participants randomized to treatment. There was evidence of compliance to the dietary intervention, and participants randomized to follow dietary guidelines showed significant falls in resting supine systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure of 3.5, 2.6 and 2.9 mmHg compared to the control diet. There was no evidence of differences in capillary density, but capillary recruitment was 3.5 % (95 % CI 0.2, 6.9) greater (P = 0.04) on dietary guidelines compared with control.
CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to dietary guidelines may help maintain a healthy microcirculation in middle-aged men and women. This study is registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN92382106.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/physiology*
Application of different imaging modalities for diagnosis of Diabetic Macular Edema: A review

Mookiah MR, Acharya UR, Fujita H, Tan JH, Chua CK, Bhandary SV, et al.

Comput Biol Med, 2015 Nov 1;66:295-315.
PMID: 26453760 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.09.012

Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is caused by accumulation of extracellular fluid from hyperpermeable capillaries within the macula. DME is one of the leading causes of blindness among Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients. Early detection followed by laser photocoagulation can save the visual loss. This review discusses various imaging modalities viz. biomicroscopy, Fluorescein Angiography (FA), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and colour fundus photographs used for diagnosis of DME. Various automated DME grading systems using retinal fundus images, associated retinal image processing techniques for fovea, exudate detection and segmentation are presented. We have also compared various imaging modalities and automated screening methods used for DME grading. The reviewed literature indicates that FA and OCT identify DME related changes accurately. FA is an invasive method, which uses fluorescein dye, and OCT is an expensive imaging method compared to fundus photographs. Moreover, using fundus images DME can be identified and automated. DME grading algorithms can be implemented for telescreening. Hence, fundus imaging based DME grading is more suitable and affordable method compared to biomicroscopy, FA, and OCT modalities.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Fulltext Placental histopathological examination in foetal sepsis

Haza Syakirin Mohamad Zin, Salmi Abdullah, Norazlah Bahari, Thandayathany, Vijayaletchumi, Hayati Abd Rahman, Nur Syahrina Rahim

Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018;12(2):35-40.
MyJurnal

Intrauterine infection has emerged to be the main and frequent cause of premature delivery and foetal demise. Microorganisms gain entry into the amniotic cavity via ascending route, haematogenous dissemination, retrograde seeding from peritoneal cavity and accidental introduction during invasive procedures. This is a case of foetal loss in utero from a twin pregnancy due to intrauterine sepsis diagnosed through placenta examination. Both maternal and foetal evidences of inflammatory response were demonstrated in the placenta on histology. Microscopically, there were acute chorioamnionitis and villitis as well as abundant gram positive cocci in the foetal blood within placental villous capillaries. The presence of intravascular bacterial organism provides evidence for a conclusive diagnosis of intrauterine sepsis, particularly where the placenta or foetal blood microbiological cultures results are not available or equivocal. More attention should therefore be given when sampling, as pathological evidences of underlying foetal compromise or death could be provided by well-represented placental tissue samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Immigrant Health Study. 8. Screening for abused drugs among immigrant workers. [Abstract]

Mustafa AM, Yap CG

JUMMEC, 1998;3:63-64.

Screening for drugs of abused were conducted by using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GCMS) fitted with capillary column. Urine samples supplied by Centre of Inmigrant Studies, University of Malaya were processed upon arrival and screened for the following drugs. Amphetamines, methamphetamines, aphedrine, hydroxy-amphetamines, ecstasy, benzamphetamines, codeine, morphine, heroine, cocaine and diazepam. The analysis was done using Shimadzu QP5000 Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer by selected ion monitoring with BPX35 column, 15 m length, 0.32 ID, helium gas as carrier and quadropole mass detector at 1.60 kV electron gain. Analysis were performed using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and quantitations were based on area under the curve of individual standards at various concentrations. The method is sensitive to nanogram levels and are able to detect the presence of these drugs in both urine and plasma. From this study (n-100), none of the urine were found positive for the drugs screened. The major problem encountered were adulterated with water based on the clearness and the colour of the urine. Based on this suspicion we would like to suggest that the testing be done on blood samples as this would be more confirmative and quantitative.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Fulltext Repeated tourniquet testing as a diagnostic tool in dengue infection

Norlijah O, Khamisah AN, Kamarul A, Mangalam S

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Mar;61(1):22-7.
PMID: 16708730 MyJurnal

Prospective evaluation of repeated standard tourniquet testing as a diagnostic indicator of dengue infection was done. Included were patients admitted to a children's hospital in Kuala Lumpur on a clinical suspicion of dengue infection based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. A standard method of tourniquet was performed on 79 patients on a daily basis following admission. subjects and negative in the remaining 14 subjects. Fifty-eight subjects were serologically confirmed cases, 4 indeterminate and the remaining 17 subjects had negative serology. For diagnostic classification, 13 had dengue fever, 49 with dengue haemmorhagic fever (DHF) while 17 had non-dengue infection. The sensitivity and specificity of the tourniquet test was 82.8% and 23.5% respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 78.7% while the negative predictive value (NPV) was 28.6%. In addition, the tourniquet test aided in the diagnosis of one-fifth of patients with DHF, who presented with a positive tourniquet test as the only bleeding manifestation. It seems that in a hospital setting, the tourniquet test adds little to the diagnosis of dengue infection/DHF. A positive tourniquet test, repeatedly performed, was found clinically useful as a preliminary screening test in dengue infection as recommended by WHO. However, it was not very specific and had a high false positive rate.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/physiopathology
Fulltext Blood glucose control and diabetic microangiopathy

Cheah JS

Med J Malaysia, 1981 Dec;36(4):220-6.
PMID: 7334957

There is overwhelming evidence that the microangiopathic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) of diabetes can be minimised, prevented or improved by optimal blood glucose control. There is little evidence to show otherwise. This paper reviews evidences to demonstrate that poor diabetic control predisposes to diabetic microangiopathy. The only way to minimise diabetic microangiopathy is to avoid hyperglycaemia and achieve euglycaemia for most part of the day. In doing so the dangers of hypoglycaemia must be clearly recognized and avoided.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/pathology
Nephropathy in Malaria

Wolthuis FH

Trop Geogr Med, 1968 Mar;20(1):21-7.
PMID: 4868143
Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/pathology
Pathologic activity of Plasmodium berghei prevented but not reversed by dexamethasone

Franz DR, Lim TS, Baze WB, Arimbalam S, Lee M, Lewis GE

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1988 Mar;38(2):249-54.
PMID: 3281490

Dexamethasone has recently been shown to block the production of cachectin (implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria) if administered prior to endotoxin induction of mouse macrophages. Using the hamster cheek pouch-cerebral malaria model, we tested the hypothesis that dexamethasone is effective as a therapeutic agent in severe malaria if given before some yet undefined trigger point in the disease. Infected hamsters were treated with dexamethasone (0.7 mg/kg) daily on days 7-12, 4-12, or 1-12 post-challenge. When treatment was started on day 1, whole body oxygen consumption (used as a measure of erythrocyte transport to sites of diffusion) on day 12 was greater than (P less than 0.05) that of infected control animals, though the degree of anemia was no different in treated and untreated groups. Furthermore, treatment produced a reduction in monocyte accumulation, capillary malfunction, and monocyte/red blood cell aggregate formation observable in the cheek pouch in vivo and a similar reduction in monocyte presence, capillary pathologic change, and multifocal hemorrhage in the brain on postmortem. These data suggest that mediator(s), whose production can be blocked by pretreatment with dexamethasone, are involved in the pathogenesis of disease leading to death of the Plasmodium berghei infected hamster.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/pathology
Fulltext Bilateral epidural extension of thoracic capillary vertebral (intraosseous) hemangioma mimicking spinal meningioma

Kan CH, Saw CB, Rozaini R, Fauziah K, Ng CM, Saffari MH

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jun;63(2):154-6.
PMID: 18942307 MyJurnal

We describe a rare case of vertebra (intraosseous) hemangioma with bilateral and symmetrical epidural extension causing cord compression in a 24-year-old woman. The epidural component was isointense to cord on both T1 and T2 sequences, and enhanced markedly and homogenously following gadolinium administration. The gradual in onset and progressive nature with the typical enhancing pattern lead the neurosurgeon to the more common diagnosis of spinal meningioma. Epidural extension of vertebral hemangiomas causing cord compression is rarely reported. Review of literatures reveal that cases that have been reported are of unilateral extension into epidural space and of cavernous type. This is the first case report of capillary vertebral (intraossous) hemangioma with bilateral extension through both intervetebral foramen into the epidural space causing myelopathy.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Fulltext Distribution of blood glucose in a national sample of Malaysian adults

Lim TO, Ding LM, Zaki M, Suleiman AB, Kew ST, Maimunah AH, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Mar;55(1):65-77.
PMID: 11072493 MyJurnal

We describe the distribution of capillary blood glucose (BG) by age, sex and ethnicity in Malaysian adults. A national sample of 20,041 individuals aged 30 or older had usable data. They were selected by stratified 2-stage cluster sampling. BG was measured using reflectance photometer. Percentile tables and curves by age, sex and ethnicity are presented. The BG distribution was right skewed and showed the expected increase with age. Except in Indian, women had higher BG than men. There were also marked ethnic differences. Indian had the highest BG concentration, followed by Chinese, Malay and other indigenous ethnic group.
Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-1996)

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Collection and storage of capillary blood in glass fibre filters for glycated haemoglobin measurement by a microcolorimetric method

Ng ML, Sazali BS, Khalid BA

Ann. Clin. Biochem., 1991 Nov;28 ( Pt 6):613-7.
PMID: 1776812

A filter method for collection and storage of capillary blood spots for glycated haemoglobin (gHb) has been developed. Glass fibre filters (GFB) impregnated with 0.8 M boric acid were used to collect and store capillary blood. Haemoglobin from the dried blood spots was eluted into water and determined by Drabkin's method, while gHb in the eluates was determined by the microcolorimetric method. The intraassay coefficients of variation (CVs) were 4.5, 4.5 and 3.1% at 882, 1101 and 1704 pmol HMF/mg Hb, respectively. The corresponding inter-assay CVs were 8.6, 8.6 and 6.3%, respectively. A total of 63 paired capillary and venous blood samples were measured by both the direct and GFB method. The GFB method showed excellent correlation with the direct method (r = 0.948 and r = 0.994) after 7 and 14 days' storage at room temperature. The GFB method will enable prior collection and postage of blood samples by patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries
Fulltext Antiangiogenesis and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of Pithecellobium jiringa

Muslim NS, Nassar ZD, Aisha AF, Shafaei A, Idris N, Majid AM, et al.

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012;12:210.
PMID: 23126282 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-210

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in embryonic development and various physiological processes. However, excessive angiogenesis is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer. Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain is a traditional medicinal plant from the family Leguminosae. It is native to the Southeast Asia, where it has been used traditionally for treatment of various ailments such as hypertension and diabetes. The present work is aimed to study antioxidant and antiangiogenesis activities of P. jiringa ethanol extracts.

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries/drug effects*
Fulltext School-administered weekly iron-folate supplements improve hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in Malaysian adolescent girls

Tee ES, Kandiah M, Awin N, Chong SM, Satgunasingam N, Kamarudin L, et al.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1999 Jun;69(6):1249-56.
PMID: 10357747 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1249

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency and its consequent anemia constitute the commonest micronutrient deficiency in the world.
OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether long-term, weekly iron-folate supplements administered at school would improve hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in adolescent girls, including those with mild-to-moderate anemia and hemoglobin concentrations indicating borderline anemia.
DESIGN: Subjects were 266 girls with hemoglobin concentrations of 80-119.9 g/L (group A) and 358 girls with hemoglobin concentrations of 120-130 g/L (group B) who were otherwise healthy. Two hundred sixty-six girls in group A and 268 girls in group B were randomly assigned to receive either 60 or 120 mg Fe plus 3.5 mg folic acid weekly for 22 wk. Ninety of the girls in group B were randomly assigned to receive only 5 mg folic acid weekly. Capillary hemoglobin and plasma ferritin were measured at baseline and after 12 and 22 wk of supplementation.
RESULTS: By the end of the study, 2% of the girls had dropped out and > 96% had taken > or = 20 of the 22 tablets; side effects were minimal. Mean plasma ferritin increased significantly in all iron-supplemented groups, independently of initial hemoglobin values and iron doses. Ferritin concentrations decreased in the girls supplemented with folic acid only. As expected, hemoglobin responses to iron were higher in group A than in group B and increases were positively correlated with initial plasma ferritin. Hemoglobin failed to respond to folate supplementation if initial plasma ferritin concentrations were low. Mean hemoglobin increased significantly and consistently in relation to the length of treatment.
CONCLUSION: Long-term, weekly iron-folate supplementation was found to be a practical, safe, effective, and inexpensive method for improving iron nutrition in adolescent schoolgirls.

Comment in: Picciano MF. Iron and folate supplementation: an effective intervention in
adolescent females. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6):1069-70. PubMed PMID:
10357724. https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/69/6/1069/4714856

Study site: 3 secondary schools, Samarahan district, Sarawak, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Capillaries

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