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Fulltext A prospective cohort study on the effect of various risk factors on hypoglycaemia in diabetics who fast during Ramadan

Loke SC, Rahim KF, Kanesvaran R, Wong TW

Med J Malaysia, 2010 Mar;65(1):3-6.
PMID: 21265238 MyJurnal

Muslim diabetics who fast during Ramadan are at risk of hypoglycaemia, and previous consensus guidelines have highlighted certain risk factors. This prospective cohort study aims to determine the relative risk (RR) of hypoglycaemia during Ramadan fasting compared with a non-fasting period of equivalent length, and to ascertain which risk factors are clinically significant. From the results, Ramadan fasting carries a RR of hypoglycaemia of 1.60 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.43). Good metabolic control (HbAlc < 8%) and old age (> 60 years) increased RR more than twice, while taking breakfast prior to fasting reduces RR to less than half.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis

Naing C, Mak JW, Ahmed SI, Maung M

World J Gastroenterol, 2012 Apr 14;18(14):1642-51.
PMID: 22529694 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i14.1642

AIM: To investigate the association between hepatitis C infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHODS: Observational studies assessing the relationship between hepatitis C infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified via electronic and hand searches. Studies published between 1988 to March 2011 were screened, according to the inclusion criteria set for the present analysis. Authors performed separate analyses for the comparisons between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected and not infected, and HCV infected and hepatitis B virus infected. The included studies were further subgrouped according to the study design. Heterogenity was assessed using I(2) statistics. The summary odds ratios with their corresponding 95% CIs were calculated based on a random-effects model. The included studies were subgrouped according to the study design. To assess any factor that could potentially affect the outcome, results were further stratified by age group (proportion of ≥ 40 years), gender (proportion of male gender), body mass index (BMI) (proportion of BMI ≥ 27), and family history of diabetes (i.e., self reported). For stability of results, a sensitivity analysis was conducted including only prospective studies.
RESULTS: Combining the electronic database and hand searches, a total of 35 observational studies (in 31 articles) were identified for the final analysis. Based on random-effects model, 17 studies (n = 286,084) compared hepatitis C-infected patients with those who were uninfected [summary odds ratio (OR): 1.68, 95% CI: 1.15-2.45]. Of these 17 studies, 7 were both a cross-sectional design (41.2%) and cohort design (41.2%), while 3 were case-control studies (17.6%). Nineteen studies (n = 51,156) compared hepatitis C-infected participants with hepatitis B-infected (summary OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.41-2.62). Of these 19 studies, 4 (21.1%), 6 (31.6%) and 9 (47.4%) were cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies, respectively. A sensitivity analysis with 3 prospective studies indicated that hepatitis C-infected patients had a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with uninfected controls (summary odds ratio: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.17-1.7; I(2) = 0%). Among hepatitis C-infected patients, male patients (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03-1.54) with age over 40 years (summary OR: 7.39, 95% CI: 3.82-9.38) had an increased frequency of type 2 diabetes. Some caution must be taken in the interpretation of these results because there may be unmeasured confounding factors which may introduce bias.
CONCLUSION: The findings support the association between hepatitis C infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The direction of association remains to be determined, however. Prospective studies with adequate sample sizes are recommended.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext What are the direct medical costs of managing type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia?

Feisul IM, Azmi S, Mohd Rizal AM, Zanariah H, Nik Mahir NJ, Fatanah I, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2017 10;72(5):271-277.
PMID: 29197881 MyJurnal

INTRODUCTION: An economic analysis was performed to estimate the annual cost of diabetes mellitus to Malaysia.

METHODS: We combined published data and clinical pathways to estimate cost of follow-up and complications, then calculated the overall national cost. Costs consisted of diabetes follow-up and complications costs.

RESULTS: Patient follow-up was estimated at RM459 per year. Complications cost were RM42,362 per patient per year for nephropathy, RM4,817 for myocardial infarction, RM5,345 for stroke, RM3,880 for heart failure, RM5,519 for foot amputation, RM479 for retinopathy and RM4,812 for cataract extraction.

CONCLUSION: Overall, we estimated the total cost of diabetes as RM2.04 billion per year for year 2011 (both public and private sector). Of this, RM1.40 billion per year was incurred by the government. Despite some limitations, we believe our study provides insight to the actual cost of diabetes to the country. The high cost to the nation highlights the importance of primary and secondary prevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
Increased Risk of Dental Issues in Type II Diabetics

Chidambaram R

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2018 Jan;28(1):86.
PMID: 29290207 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2018.01.86
Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Sliding-scale versus basal-bolus insulin in the management of severe or acute hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a retrospective study

Zaman Huri H, Permalu V, Vethakkan SR

PLoS One, 2014;9(9):e106505.
PMID: 25181406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106505

Sliding-scale and basal-bolus insulin regimens are two options available for the treatment of severe or acute hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Although its use is not recommended, sliding-scale insulin therapy is still being used widely. The aims of the study were to compare the glycemic control achieved by using sliding-scale or basal-bolus regimens for the management of severe or acute hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and to analyze factors associated with the types of insulin therapy used in the management of severe or acute hyperglycemia. This retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of patients with acute or severe hyperglycemia admitted to a hospital in Malaysia from January 2008 to December 2012. A total of 202 patients and 247 admissions were included. Patients treated with the basal-bolus insulin regimen attained lower fasting blood glucose (10.8 ± 2.3 versus 11.6 ± 3.5 mmol/L; p = 0.028) and mean glucose levels throughout severe/acute hyperglycemia (12.3 ± 1.9 versus 12.8 ± 2.2; p = 0.021) compared with sliding-scale insulin regimens. Diabetic ketoacidosis (p = 0.043), cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.005), acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (p = 0.010), and the use of corticosteroids (p = 0.037) and loop diuretics (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with the type of insulin regimen used. In conclusion, type 2 diabetes patients with severe and acute hyperglycemia achieved better glycemic control with the basal-bolus regimen than with sliding-scale insulin, and factors associated with the insulin regimen used could be identified.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Bilateral diabetic Charcot foot

Fauzi AA, Yang CT

Aust Fam Physician, 2013 Jan-Feb;42(1-2):55-6.
PMID: 23529463

Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CNO) of the foot is a devastating neuropathic complication of diabetes. It is characterised by deformity of the foot architecture,which can be initiated by trauma to the neuropathic limb or occur spontaneously.The acute phase of the disease is often misdiagnosed and can rapidly lead to deformity and amputation. The aim of management is to halt further bone destruction through immobilisation of the affected limb.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Salivary proteins associated with periodontitis in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Chan HH, Rahim ZH, Jessie K, Hashim OH, Taiyeb-Ali TB

Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(4):4642-54.
PMID: 22606001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044642

The objective of this study was to investigate the salivary proteins that are associated with periodontitis in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Volunteers for the study were patients from the Diabetic Unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre, whose periodontal status was determined. The diabetic volunteers were divided into two groups, i.e., patients with periodontitis and those who were periodontally healthy. Saliva samples were collected and treated with 10% TCA/acetone/20 mM DTT to precipitate the proteins, which were then separated using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel images were scanned using the GS-800(TM) Calibrated Densitometer. The protein spots were analyzed and expressed in percentage volumes. The percentage volume of each protein spot was subjected to Mann-Whitney statistical analysis using SPSS software and false discovery rate correction. When the expression of the salivary proteins was compared between the T2DM patients with periodontitis with those who were periodontally healthy, seven proteins, including polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, plastin-2, actin related protein 3, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, carbonic anhydrases 6, immunoglobulin J and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, were found to be differentially expressed (p < 0.01304). This implies that the proteins may have the potential to be used as biomarkers for the prediction of T2DM patients who may be prone to periodontitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Involuntary movements in an elderly woman with recently diagnosed diabetes

Lim SY, Ramli N, Tai SM, Nair SR

J Clin Neurosci, 2011 Apr;18(4):539, 590.
PMID: 21476221
Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Intraabdominal haemangiopericytoma associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Kumar S, Yushak AW, Gul YA

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Aug;59(3):425-7.
PMID: 15727393

Haemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a rare tumour with a predilection for the central nervous system. Though previously thought to originate from the meninges and ventricular walls, HPC's are currently accepted as distinct mesenchymal neoplasms unrelated to meningiomas. Haemangiopericytomas have been previously reported to be associated with the production of insulin like growth factor II (IGF-II) and hypoglycaemia. A case of a 61-year-old poorly controlled diabetic lady with a rare presentation of an abdominal haemangiopericytoma is discussed. A laparoscopic assisted resection of the massive lobulated tumour arising from the parietal peritoneum with dense attachment to the diaphragm and the liver was performed with an uncomplicated postoperative recovery. Control of the patient's diabetes improved dramatically following surgery and the rare association of hyperglycaemia and HPC, which has not been previously described, is elaborated upon in this report.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Analysis of selected glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms in Malaysian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without cardiovascular disease

Etemad A, Vasudevan R, Aziz AF, Yusof AK, Khazaei S, Fawzi N, et al.

Genet. Mol. Res., 2016 Apr 07;15(2).
PMID: 27173202 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15025845

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is believed to be associated with excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms result in decreased or absent enzyme activity and altered oxidative stress, and have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present study assessed the effect of GST polymorphisms on the risk of developing T2DM in individuals of Malaysian Malay ethnicity. A total of 287 subjects, consisting of 87 T2DM and 64 CVD/T2DM patients, as well as 136 healthy gender- and age-matched controls were genotyped for selected polymorphisms to evaluate associations with T2DM susceptibility. Genomic DNA was extracted using commercially available kits, and GSTM1, GSTT1, and α-globin sequences were amplified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Biochemical parameters were measured with a Hitachi autoanalyzer. The Fisher exact test, the chi-square statistic, and means ± standard deviations were calculated using the SPSS software. Overall, we observed no significant differences regarding genotype and allele frequencies between each group (P = 0.224 and 0.199, respectively). However, in the combined analysis of genotypes and blood measurements, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and triglyceride levels, followed by age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, and history of T2DM significantly differed according to GST polymorphism (P ˂ 0.05). Genetically induced absence of the GSTT1 enzyme is an independent and powerful predictor of premature vascular morbidity and death in individuals with T2DM, and might be triggered by cigarette smoking's oxidative effects. These polymorphisms could be screened in other ethnicities within Malaysia to determine further possible risk factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
Envisioning the neuroprotective effect of Metformin in experimental epilepsy: A portrait of molecular crosstalk

H S N, Paudel YN, K L K

Life Sci, 2019 Sep 15;233:116686.
PMID: 31348946 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116686

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate and aggravate epileptic seizures affecting around 1% of global population making it a serious health concern. Despite the recent advances in epilepsy research, no disease-modifying treatment able to terminate epileptogenesis have been reported yet reflecting the complexity in understanding the disease pathogenesis. To overcome the current treatment gap against epilepsy, one effective approach is to explore anti-epileptic effects from a drug that are approved to treat non-epileptic diseases. In this regard, Metformin emerged as an ideal candidate which is a first line treatment option for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has conferred neuroprotection in several in vivo neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Stroke, Huntington's diseases (HD) including epilepsy. In addition, Metformin has ameliorated cognitive alteration, learning and memory induced by epilepsy as well as in animal model of AD. Herein, we review the promising findings demonstrated upon Metformin treatment against animal model of epilepsy however, the precise underlying mechanism of anti-epileptic potential of Metformin is not well understood. However, there is a growing understanding that Metformin demonstrates its anti-epileptic effect mainly via ameliorating brain oxidative damage, activation of AMPK, inhibition of mTOR pathway, downregulation of α-synuclein, reducing apoptosis, downregulation of BDNF and TrkB level. These reflects that Metformin being non-anti-epileptic drug (AED) has a potential to ameliorate the cellular pathways that were impaired in epilepsy reflecting its therapeutical potential against epileptic seizure that might plausibly overcome the limitations of today epilepsy treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
Mortality risk with preadmission metformin use in patients with COVID-19 and diabetes: A meta-analysis

Kow CS, Hasan SS

J Med Virol, 2021 02;93(2):695-697.
PMID: 32902868 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26498
Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
Fulltext Epidemiology of latent tuberculosis infection among patients with and without diabetes mellitus

Swarna Nantha Y, Puri A, Mohamad Ali SZ, Suppiah P, Che Ali SA, Ramasamy B, et al.

Fam Pract, 2017 09 01;34(5):532-538.
PMID: 28369346 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmx017

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are at a greater risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. There is a paucity of information about the risk factors associated with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in patients with diabetes.

Objective: We conducted an observational study to compare the prevalence and risk factors associated with LTBI factors in Malaysian adults with and without DM.

Methods: Four hundred and four patients with DM and 359 patients with non-DM at a regional primary care clinic were recruited as participants in this case-control study. The tuberculin sensitivity test (TST) was performed. The presence of LTBI was defined by a TST value of 10 mm in DM patients and 10 mm in the non-DM group. A logistic regression model was used to identify variables associated with LTBI.

Results: There was no statistical significant difference in the prevalence rates seen between the DM and non-DM group of the study. LTBI prevalence among patients with DM was 28.5%. The proportion of patients in the non-DM group with LTBI was 29.2%. When a critical cut-off of 8 mm was used, the adjusted odds ratio of LTBI in DM patients was 1.88 (95% confidence interval: 1.22-2.82). Smoking was an independent risk factor for LTBI regardless of DM status. HbA1c levels or anthropometric measurements were not associated with LTBI in diabetic patients.

Conclusions: There is no significant risk of contracting LTBI in DM patients using the standard 10-mm TST cut-off. Nonetheless, using lower cut-offs in a DM population appear valid. Smoking is an important predictor of LTBI.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
New Evidence Showing yet another Link between Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: How Relevant is this to my General Practice?

Chidambaram R

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2018 Nov;28(11):893.
PMID: 30369389 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2018.11.893
Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Depression and potential risk factors among the elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Kedah, Malaysia

Azniza MR, Draman N, Siti Suhaila MY, Muhamad R

Med J Malaysia, 2019 04;74(2):103-108.
PMID: 31079119

OBJECTIVE: Elderly with diabetes has been found to have a higher chance of depression. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Kedah.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Klinik Kesihatan Bandar, Sungai Petani, Kedah. The inclusion criteria were patients aged ≥60 years with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Those with cognitive impairment, presence of organic brain syndrome, presence of severe mental disorder and patients who are either deaf or mute were excluded. The Malay version of Geriatric Depression Scale (M-GDS-14) was used to assess the depressive symptoms. The data was analysed using descriptive statistic and multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS: A total of 511 patients participated in the study. The mean age of the respondents is 64.5 (Standard Deviation 7.0) years old. There were slightly more males (53.8%). Majority were Malay (63.0%), married (76.9%) and has a household income of less than RM1000 (67.5%). The prevalence of depression was 32.1%. The number of elderly people living with their children (Adjusted Odds Ratio, aOR0.20, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.55), elderly living with spouse, children, in law and grandchildren (aOR2.95, 95%CI: 1.18, 7.37), diabetic complication (aOR4.68, 95%CI: 2.63, 8.35) and HbA1c (aOR1.23, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.39) are significantly associated with depression.
CONCLUSION: The level of depression was found to be high. Factors contributing to the significantly high level of depression are found to be associated with living arrangements, diabetic complication and HbA1c were significantly associated with depression.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
Fulltext Foot care strategy for the newly diagnosed DM Type 2 patients with low educational and socio-economic background: a step towards future

Hamidah H, Santhna LP, Ruth Packiavathy RD, Suraya AM, Yap WC, Samsiah M, et al.

Clin Ter, 2012 Nov;163(6):473-8.
PMID: 23306740

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:
Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the major health problems that accounts for increased morbidity among the diabetic patients. Having good knowledge, good attitude and practice of managing the foot prevents the impending chronic co-morbidities of the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This cross-sectional study was performed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on foot care among the newly diagnosed diabetic type 2 patients with low education and socio economic background. This study was conducted in one of the out patient clinics in a tertiary hospital. A set of questionnaire adopted from The Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center (MDRTC), was used to assess 109 respondents based on their knowledge of diabetes mellitus, practice and attitude towards the condition and care of the feet.

RESULTS:
The overall finding on knowledge, practice and attitude had shown unsatisfactory result. There was no relationship between the knowledge, practice and attitude with care of the feet. Only 20 (18.3%) respondents had a high score on knowledge, 31 (28.4%) had practiced good habits and 5 (4.6%) showed positive attitude towards care of the feet. However, there was significant finding on the level of education and the knowledge of foot care (p=0.01);

CONCLUSION:
Strategies should be developed to overcome the longterm complications. As for the Muslim patients, ablution, the ritual practice of washing and cleaning both feet prior to the prayers may be a possible means of checking the feet for any diabetic foot complication.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Acupuncture for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a patient with myasthenia gravis: a case report

Kim YJ

J Acupunct Meridian Stud, 2017 Aug;10(4):290-293.
PMID: 28889846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2017.05.003

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired disease of the neuromuscular junctions characterized by muscular weakness and fatigue, with a prevalence of 50-125 cases per million population in western countries. In men, it usually appears after the age of 60 years, while in women, it usually appears before the age of 40 years. Long-term immunosuppression with corticosteroids is the mainstay treatment for patients with MG; however, the use of corticosteroids is a well-documented risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has also been reported in steroid-treated patients with MG. Here, a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a patient with MG who underwent 105 sessions of acupuncture delivered over 6 months is reported. After acupuncture treatment, the patient's fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels, as well as the score on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, were decreased. Furthermore, no adverse effects were observed. The findings in this clinical study are encouraging and provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of acupuncture in reducing type 2 diabetes mellitus in a patient with MG.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Fulltext Prevalence of glycemic variability and factors associated with the glycemic arrays among end-stage kidney disease patients on chronic hemodialysis

Yusof Khan AHK, Zakaria NF, Zainal Abidin MA, Kamaruddin NA

Medicine (Baltimore), 2021 Jul 30;100(30):e26729.
PMID: 34397709 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026729

Glycemic variability (GV) confers a significantly higher risk of diabetic-related complications, especially cardiovascular. Despite extensive research in this area, data on end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients on chronic hemodialysis are scarce. This study aims to determine the magnitude of GV among ESKD (diabetic vs nondiabetic) patients and its associated factors on hemodialysis days (HDD) and non-hemodialysis days (NHDD) where postulation of a higher GV observed among diabetic on HDD.We recruited 150 patients on hemodialysis, 93 patients with type 2 diabetic (DM-ESKD), and 57 with nondiabetic (NDM-ESKD). The GV indices (standard deviation [SD] and percentage coefficient variant [%CV]) were obtained from 11-point and 7-point self-monitoring blood glucose (fasting to post-meal) (SMBG) profiles on HDD and NHDD. The GV indices and its associated factors of both DM-ESKD and NDM-ESKD were analyzed to compare HDD vs NHDD.Mean blood glucose on HDD was 9.33 [SD 2.7, %CV 30.6%] mmol/L in DM-ESKD compared with 6.07 [SD 0.85, %CV 21.3%] mmol/L in NDM-ESKD (P =

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
Fulltext Efficacy of moxibustion in diabetes peripheral neuropathy

Tay JS, Kim YJ

Medicine (Baltimore), 2021 Dec 10;100(49):e28173.
PMID: 34889293 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028173

BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. The main clinical manifestations of DPN include pain, numbness, paraesthesia, and weakness of the lower limbs which often leads to diabetic foot ulceration, eventually resulting in amputation. Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, moxibustion has a great effect on treating and preventing DPN. However, randomized clinical trials done to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment are still lacking. Hence, this study is carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of moxibustion therapy on diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
METHODS: This study will be a pilot, interventional, randomized, 2-armed, parallel, singled-masked, controlled trial. A total of 40 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral neuropathy will be recruited and assigned randomly into 2 groups (moxibustion group and waiting group) at a 1:1 ratio. This trial consists of an 8-week intervention period and a 4-week follow-up period. During the intervention period, the moxibustion group will take 3 moxibustion sessions per week, whereas no intervention will be done on the waiting group to act as the control group. The outcome will be assessed by an outcome assessor who is unaware of the group assignment. The primary outcome will be pain assessment measured with algometry, Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs pain scale, visual analogue scale, and neuropathy pain scale. The secondary outcome will be an evaluation of functional performance capacity with 6 minutes walking test, evaluation of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, and serum HbA1c and albumin levels.
DISCUSSION: We hope that this trial will provide valuable insights on the efficacy of moxibustion in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Registry No.: NCT04894461 (URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04894461?term=NCT04894461&draw=2&rank=1) Registered on May 20, 2021.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications*
Association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of alpha-adrenoceptor gene in essential hypertension with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysian subjects

Vasudevan R, Ismail P, Stanslas J, Shamsudin N, Ali AB

Int J Biol Sci, 2008;4(6):362-7.
PMID: 18953403

An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of Alpha2B-Adrenoceptor (ADRA2B) gene located on chromosome 2 has been studied extensively in related to cardiovascular diseases. The main aim of the present study was to examine the potential association of D allele frequency of I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B gene in Malaysian essential hypertensive subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study includes 70 hypertensive subjects without T2DM, 65 hypertensive subjects with T2DM and 75 healthy volunteers as control subjects. Genotyping of I/D polymorphism was performed by conventional PCR method. There was significant difference found in age, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and high density lipoprotein cholesterol level between the case and control subjects. DD genotypic frequency of I/D polymorphism was significantly higher in hypertensive subjects (42.84% vs. 29.33%; P-=0.029) and in hypertensive with T2DM subjects (46.15% vs. 29.33%; P=0.046) than control group. D allele frequency was higher in hypertensive group (67.41%) than control subjects (52.67%). However, no significant difference was found between the three genotypes of I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B gene and the clinical characteristics of the subjects. The result obtained in this study show D allele of ADRA2B gene was associated with essential hypertension with or without T2DM in Malaysian subjects.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications

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