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  1. Review: Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection
    Leja M, Grinberga-Derica I, Bilgilier C, Steininger C
    Helicobacter, 2019 Sep;24 Suppl 1:e12635.
    PMID: 31486242 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12635
    This review summarizes recent publications on the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. Two major systemic analyses, from Malaysia and Ethiopia, were published. The Brazilian Consensus Conference has stated that H pylori infection is an infectious disease with an indication for antimicrobial therapy. A continuous decrease in H pylori prevalence was reported from many regions worldwide, including Korea, China, Iran, and Austria. A cross-sectional H pylori prevalence study conducted in the United Arab Emirates found 41% prevalence in a group of healthy children and adults. Several studies from Asia addressed H pylori prevalence in adults undergoing regular checkup. The largest of such studies, performed in Korea, involved 24 471 subjects and reported 41.5% seroprevalence. A relatively smaller study from East China on 3252 subjects reported 27.5% prevalence. In contrast, a study from Spain reported 87.2% seroprevalence. A report on the association between smoking and H pylori seropositivity was published on behalf of the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project-a consortium of epidemiological studies of gastric cancer. Also, other potential risk factors, including occupational risk factors, water supply, and food were analyzed. Gastroesophageal reflux and sexual partners has been associated with a higher risk for H pylori acquisition, and gut microbiota was suggested to play a role in intrafamilial transmission of H pylori. Finally, in a few studies (from Mexico and Japan), the catalytic model for predicting the potential risk of acquiring H pylori infection in the future was used. As anticipated, a further decline in H pylori-related disease was demonstrated by applying the modeling.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  2. Fulltext Comparative efficacy sensitivity and specificity of the tests used for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori
    Suhaila N, Hussin S, Rahman MM
    Pak J Biol Sci, 2010 Nov 01;13(21):1057-61.
    PMID: 21313878
    Abstract: A total number of 157 samples were examined by 4 different tests-In-house rapid urease (iRUT), Culture, Histopathology and Immunochromatography (Immuno CardSTAT) for the detection of Helicobacter pylori from the patients reported to Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia during 2007 to 2008. Out of the samples examined 47 (29.9%) were positive for H. pylori by the tests used in the laboratory. Efficacy of detection of the bacteria by the tests- In-house rapid urease, Culture, Histopathology and Immuno CardSTAT were 31.8, 13.9, 30.3 and 32.8%, respectively. However, sensitivity and specificity of the iRUT were 91.5 and 93.6%, respectively and the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 86% and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 96.3%. The sensitivity for Immuno CardSTAT rapid test was 100% and the specificity was 79.3%. The PPV was 50% and the NPV was 100%. Convenient methods to the authors were 'In house rapid urease test and Immunochromatography though variability of specificities were observed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  3. Fulltext Comparative genomic analysis of Helicobacter pylori from Malaysia identifies three distinct lineages suggestive of differential evolution
    Kumar N, Mariappan V, Baddam R, Lankapalli AK, Shaik S, Goh KL, et al.
    Nucleic Acids Res, 2015 Jan;43(1):324-35.
    PMID: 25452339 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1271
    The discordant prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its related diseases, for a long time, fostered certain enigmatic situations observed in the countries of the southern world. Variation in H. pylori infection rates and disease outcomes among different populations in multi-ethnic Malaysia provides a unique opportunity to understand dynamics of host-pathogen interaction and genome evolution. In this study, we extensively analyzed and compared genomes of 27 Malaysian H. pylori isolates and identified three major phylogeographic lineages: hspEastAsia, hpEurope and hpSouthIndia. The analysis of the virulence genes within the core genome, however, revealed a comparable pathogenic potential of the strains. In addition, we identified four genes limited to strains of East-Asian lineage. Our analyses identified a few strain-specific genes encoding restriction modification systems and outlined 311 core genes possibly under differential evolutionary constraints, among the strains representing different ethnic groups. The cagA and vacA genes also showed variations in accordance with the host genetic background of the strains. Moreover, restriction modification genes were found to be significantly enriched in East-Asian strains. An understanding of these variations in the genome content would provide significant insights into various adaptive and host modulation strategies harnessed by H. pylori to effectively persist in a host-specific manner.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  4. Fulltext Helicobacter pylori infection--a boon or a bane: lessons from studies in a low-prevalence population
    Lee YY, Mahendra Raj S, Graham DY
    Helicobacter, 2013 Oct;18(5):338-46.
    PMID: 23607896 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12058
    Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is etiologically associated with gastric cancer and peptic ulcer diseases which are both important public health burdens which could be largely eliminated by H. pylori eradication. However, some investigators urge caution based on the hypothesis that eradication of H. pylori may result in an increase in the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and childhood asthma. The ethnic Malays of northeastern Peninsular Malaysia have long had a low prevalence of H. pylori infection and, as expected, the incidence of gastric cancer and its precursor lesions is exceptionally low. The availability of a population with a low H. pylori prevalence and generally poor sanitation allows separation of H. pylori from the hygiene hypothesis and direct testing of whether absence of H. pylori is associated with untoward consequence. Contrary to predictions, in Malays, erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, distal esophageal cancers, and childhood asthma are all of low incidence. This suggests that H. pylori is not protective rather the presence of H. pylori infection is likely a surrogate for poor hygiene and not an important source of antigens involved in the hygiene hypothesis. Helicobacter pylori in Malays is related to transmission from H. pylori-infected non-Malay immigrants. The factors responsible for low H. pylori acquisition, transmission, and burden of H. pylori infection in Malays remain unclear and likely involves a combination of environmental, host (gene polymorphisms), and strain virulence factors. Based on evidence from this population, absence of H. pylori infection is more likely to be boon than a bane.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  5. Fulltext Commentary: changing aetiology of peptic ulcers
    Goh KL, Chan WK
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012 Aug;36(3):291-2; discussion 292-3.
    PMID: 22747451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05164.x
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  6. Fulltext Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications
    Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y
    Helicobacter, 2011 Sep;16 Suppl 1:1-9.
    PMID: 21896079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x
    This review summarizes studies on the epidemiology and public health implications of Helicobacter pylori published in peer-reviewed journals from April 2010 through March 2011. Prevalence rates vary widely between different geographical regions and ethnic groups. An interesting study from the USA identified the degree of African ancestry as an independent predictor of H. pylori infection. Two studies have demonstrated early childhood as the period of transmission of infection and identified an infected sibling as an important risk factor. An oral-oral route of spread has been substantiated with several studies showing the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity. Studies have shown the presence of H. pylori in drinking water and the role of poor living conditions and sanitation in H. pylori infection, supporting an oral-fecal route of spread. Screening for H. pylori as a gastric cancer pre-screening strategy has been described in Japan, and the importance of H. pylori eradication as a gastric cancer-prevention strategy has now been further emphasized in Japanese guidelines. Two studies have shown a decrease in the burden of dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease with H. pylori eradication.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  7. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Helicobacter pylori isolates from Malaysia
    Ahmad N, Zakaria WR, Mohamed R
    Helicobacter, 2011 Feb;16(1):47-51.
    PMID: 21241412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00816.x
    The prevalence of antibiotic resistance varies in geographic areas. The information on the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in our local setting is therefore relevant as a guide for the treatment options.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  8. Further observations in an area with an exceptionally low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection
    Raj SM, Lee YY, Choo KE, Noorizan AM, Zulkifli A, Radzi M, et al.
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2008 Nov;102(11):1163-4.
    PMID: 18678380 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.06.015
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  9. Fulltext Helicobacter pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease: the importance of smoking and ethnicity
    Pillay KV, Htun M, Naing NN, Norsa'adah B
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2007 Nov;38(6):1102-10.
    PMID: 18613553
    This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its associated factors among patients with peptic ulcer disease in Taiping Hospital. Consecutive peptic ulcer disease patients who had undergone esophagogastro-duodenoscopy were included. The H. pylori status was assessed by the rapid urease test. We excluded those who had active bleeding, a perforated peptic ulcer, severe vomiting, a history of gastric surgery, peptic ulcer disease or renal or liver diseases, carcinoma of the stomach, and recent use of antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors. Socio-demography, H. pylori status, medication history and other relevant clinical data were collected from case notes. A total of 416 subjects were selected, 49.7% were positive and 50.3% were negative for H. pylori infection. There were significant associations between H. pylori and age, ethnicity, smoking status and NSAID usage. However, there were no significant relationships between H. pylori status and gender or type of peptic ulcer. Multiple logistic regression showed that other ethnicities than Malays and smokers had a higher risk of H. pylori. Our prevalence rate was low and the identified risk factors were consistent with previous studies. Ethnic differences may be related to genetic and sociocultural behaviors. Quitting smoking may benefit peptic ulcer patients with H. pylori infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  10. Fulltext Elucidation of the Metabolic Network of Helicobacter pylori J99 and Malaysian Clinical Strains by Phenotype Microarray
    Lee WC, Goh KL, Loke MF, Vadivelu J
    Helicobacter, 2017 Feb;22(1).
    PMID: 27258354 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12321
    Helicobacter pylori colonizes almost half of the human population worldwide. H. pylori strains are genetically diverse, and the specific genotypes are associated with various clinical manifestations including gastric adenocarcinoma, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD). However, our current knowledge of the H. pylori metabolism is limited. To understand the metabolic differences among H. pylori strains, we investigated four Malaysian H. pylori clinical strains, which had been previously sequenced, and a standard strain, H. pylori J99, at the phenotypic level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  11. Can a non-invasive strategy for managing young dyspeptics be safely implemented in Asia?
    Mahadeva S, Goh KL
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2003 Apr;18(4):359-62.
    PMID: 12653882
    Dyspepsia is a common problem in the Asia-Pacific region, with a prevalence rate ranging from 10-20%. It constitutes 2-5% of consultations with primary-care physicians and forms a major part of the gastroenterologists' workload. Although upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) is the investigation of choice, no serious disease is present in the majority of patients and various other ways have been suggested, mainly in the West, to reduce the demand on the finite resources of UGIE services. The alternative methods to UGIE have been based on non-invasive detection of Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia, as the organism has been shown to be associated with most peptic ulcers and even gastric cancer. A positive H. pylori test in a patient with dyspepsia may not necessarily indicate serious disease, but H. pylori eradication eliminates the propensity for developing peptic ulcers and perhaps even cancer (not proven). In high-risk populations, non-invasive screening for H. pylori can even be considered a 'cancer test', as it can help target investigations in a selected group of patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  12. Campylobacter pylori infection: experience in a multiracial population
    Goh KL, Peh SC, Wong NW, Parasakthi N, Puthucheary SD
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1990 5 1;5(3):277-80.
    PMID: 2103410
    Over a 15-month period, 399 patients with dyspepsia were investigated for the presence of Campylobacter pylori infection. Half of the patients (50.6%) had Campylobacter organisms in the antrum of the stomach. C. pylori was found in 96.1% of patients with histological changes of chronic active gastritis in the antrum. Of patients with duodenal and gastric ulcers, 87.8% and 87.5%, respectively, had Campylobacter organisms, as did 39.3% of patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. C. pylori infection was most commonly found in Chinese and Indians. Although the prevalence of infection appeared to increase with age, there was an equal distribution amongst the sexes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  13. Fulltext Functional dyspepsia
    Ford AC, Mahadeva S, Carbone MF, Lacy BE, Talley NJ
    Lancet, 2020 11 21;396(10263):1689-1702.
    PMID: 33049222 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30469-4
    Dyspepsia is a complex of symptoms referable to the gastroduodenal region of the gastrointestinal tract and includes epigastric pain or burning, postprandial fullness, or early satiety. Approximately 80% of individuals with dyspepsia have no structural explanation for their symptoms and have functional dyspepsia. Functional dyspepsia affects up to 16% of otherwise healthy individuals in the general population. Risk factors include psychological comorbidity, acute gastroenteritis, female sex, smoking, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Helicobacter pylori infection. The pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, but it is probably related to disordered communication between the gut and the brain, leading to motility disturbances, visceral hypersensitivity, and alterations in gastrointestinal microbiota, mucosal and immune function, and CNS processing. Although technically a normal endoscopy is required to diagnose functional dyspepsia, the utility of endoscopy in all patients with typical symptoms is minimal; its use should be restricted to people aged 55 years and older, or to those with concerning features, such as weight loss or vomiting. As a result of our incomplete understanding of its pathophysiology, functional dyspepsia is difficult to treat and, in most patients, the condition is chronic and the natural history is one of fluctuating symptoms. Eradication therapy should be offered to patients with functional dyspepsia who test positive for Helicobacter pylori. Other therapies with evidence of effectiveness include proton pump inhibitors, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, prokinetics, and central neuromodulators. The role of psychological therapies is uncertain. As our understanding of the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia increases, it is probable that the next decade will see the emergence of truly disease-modifying therapies for the first time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  14. Fulltext Efficacy of helicobacter pylori eradication as an upfront treatment of secondary immune thrombocytopenia: an experience from Pakistan
    Sultan S, Irfan SM, Kaker J, Hasan M
    Med J Malaysia, 2016 04;71(2):53-6.
    PMID: 27326941
    BACKGROUND: The effect of Helicobacter-pylori eradication therapy on the platelet counts in patients with immune thrombocytopenia is still debatable. The aim of this study was to assess the response rates of standard triple eradication therapy in secondary immune thrombocytopenia with Helicobacter pylori infection.

    METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2013, 197 patients were diagnosed to have immune thrombocytopenia, out of which 22(11.1%) patients infected with Helicobacter- Pylorus were enrolled in this study. Helicobacter-Pylori infection was documented by Helicobacter-pylori stool antigen enzyme immunoassay method. All positive patients were put on triple eradication therapy. The responses rates to treatment were defined as per International Working Group on ITP.

    RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 43.18±12.5 years. There were 10(45.5%) males and 12 (54.5%) females. Of the 22 patients, 7(31.8%) exhibited a complete response (CR) to Hpylori eradication therapy; 10(45.4%) attained a response; and 5(22.7%) had no response. Mean base line platelet counts were 53.36±24.5x109/l, while platelet counts at 4 week following eradication was 80.86±51.0x109/l (P=0.003). The predictive factor of response following eradication therapy was baseline platelet counts. Virtually all responders had baseline platelet counts >30x109/l and all non-responders had <30x109/l of platelet counts.

    CONCLUSIONS: Though the prevalence of H-pylori is low, this study confirmed the efficacy of eradication in increasing the platelet counts in H-pylori positive patients with ITP. It is an important measure in short time, safe and very cost effective to achieve platelets increment. We endorse the routine detection and eradication treatment of H-pylori infective ITP patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  15. Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the study of Helicobacter pylori
    Ilina EN, Borovskaya AD, Serebryakova MV, Chelysheva VV, Momynaliev KT, Maier T, et al.
    Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2010 Feb;24(3):328-34.
    PMID: 20049887 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4394
    The characteristics of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry based investigation of extremely variable bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori were studied. H. pylori possesses a very high natural variability. Accurate tools for species identification and epidemiological characterization could help the scientific community to better understand the transmission pathways and virulence mechanisms of these bacteria. Seventeen clinical as well as two laboratory strains of H. pylori were analyzed by the MALDI Biotyper method for rapid species identification. Mass spectra collected were found containing 7-13 significant peaks per sample, and only six protein signals were identical for more than half of the strains. Four of them could be assigned to ribosomal proteins RL32, RL33, RL34, and RL36. The reproducible peak with m/z 6948 was identified as a histidine-rich metal-binding polypeptide by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In spite of the evident protein heterogeneity of H. pylori the mass spectra collected for a particular strain under several cultivations were highly reproducible. Moreover, all clinical strains were perfectly identified as H. pylori species through comparative analysis using the MALDI Biotyper software (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) by pattern matching against a database containing mass spectra from different microbial strains (n = 3287) including H. pylori 26695 and J99. The results of this study allow the conclusion that the MALDI-TOF direct bacterial profiling is suited for H. pylori identification and could be supported by mass spectra fragmentation of the observed polypeptide if necessary.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  16. A Review of Gastric Cancer Research in Malaysia
    Lim KG, Palayan K
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 Jan 25;20(1):5-11.
    PMID: 30677863
    Incidence rates of gastric cancer in Malaysia has declined by 48% among males and 31% among females in the latest reporting period of 13 years. Malays used to have age-standardized-rates only a fifth of those in Chinese and Indians, but the incidence among them is slightly rising even as the rates drop in the other races. Besides ethnicity, a low level of education, high intake of salted fish and vegetables, H pylori infection and smoking are risk factors. Consumption of fresh fruit and vegetable is protective. Variation in the strains of H pylori infection affect gastric cancer risk, with hspEAsia isolates among Chinese appearing linked to a high incidence than with hpAsia2 or hpEurope strains among Indians and Malays. It was reported in the 1980s that only about 3% of patients presented with early gastric cancer, but more encouraging rates reaching 27% with Stage 1 and 2 disease have been reported in the twenty-first century from leading centres. More tumours occur in the distal stomach except in Kelantan, where the incidence is low and main site is the cardia. Prompt endoscopy is advocated and open access, with direct referrals, to such services using a weighted scoring system should be more utilized. In view of the high rate of late disease laparoscopic staging unnecessary laparotomy needs to be avoided. Late presentation of gastric cancer however, is still predominant and the mortality to incidence ratio is relatively high. Besides seeking to reduce risk factors and achieve early detection, implementation of improved care for patients with late disease must be promoted in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  17. Fulltext Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori among multiracial community in Northern Peninsular, Malaysia: effect of age across race and gender
    Sasidharan S, Lachumy SJ, Ravichandran M, Latha LY, Gegu SR
    Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2011 Jan;4(1):72-5.
    PMID: 21771421 DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60037-0
    OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection according to age group.

    METHODS: H. pylori infection data among 1 965 consecutive patients referred to the Endoscopy Unit collected at Sungai Petani Hospital for oesophagogastro-duodenoscopy (OGD). The patients were divided into 9 age groups (10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 and 90-99 years). In addition these groups were further divided into three minor group namely young adults (10-39), older adults (40-69) and geriatric groups (70-99).

    RESULTS: Overall prevalence of infection of H. pylori was analyzed and found that the prevalence increase with age (P<0.05). When the patients divided by ethnic and gender group with age, prevalence rate among young adults and older adults significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to geriatric groups across all races and gender (P<0.05). Furthermore, significantly higher number of males were infected compared to female (P<0.05) but such trend was only observed among older adult groups. In addition, there is a significant differences in H. pylori infection prevalence rates among ethnic groups (highest in Indians adults, followed Chinese and low in Malays, P<0.05).

    CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of H. pylori did increase with age group across ethnicity and gender, in Northern Peninsular Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  18. Fulltext Helicobacter pylori infection among Aborigines (the Orang Asli) in the northeastern region of Peninsular Malaysia
    Rahim AA, Lee YY, Majid NA, Choo KE, Raj SM, Derakhshan MH, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2010 Nov;83(5):1119-22.
    PMID: 21036849 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0226
    Whether the exceptionally low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection reported among Malays is also present among aborigines (the Orang Asli) living in northeastern Peninsular Malaysia is unknown. We studied asymptomatic Orang Asli from settlements situated 210 km from the city of Kota Bharu. The HP infection status was confirmed by a validated serology test. Nineteen percent of 480 Orang Asli tested positive for HP infection. The prevalence was 40.6% in the birth cohort of the 1940s and declined steadily in later cohorts to under 10% among 12-30 year olds. This may be related to the phases of relocation from the jungles into resettlement camps and ultimately into designated villages near rivers. The low prevalence pattern after the 1970s was probably partly a result of improvement in sanitation and hygiene practice in these villages but other unidentified factors may also be operating.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
  19. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferative responses to Helicobacter pylori by plastic adherent cells
    Uyub AM, Anuar AK
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2001 Mar;32(1):88-94.
    PMID: 11485102
    A study was carried out on 49 H. pylori-positive and 11 H. pylori-negative patients to determine the reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and acid glycine extract (AGE) of H. pylori, and to identify cells responsible for imunosuppression. Based on response to PHA stimulation, cell-mediated immunity of all patients were competent. In some patients, however, response to AGE of H. pylori was suppressed by plastic adherent cells. This study provided evidence of the presence of plastic adherent suppressor cells which suppressed PBL response to AGE of H. pylori but not to PHA suggesting that immunosuppression is antigen specific. There is also an indication that immunosuppression may be species-specific as PBL devoid of plastic adherent cells only responded to stimulation by AGE of H. pylori but not that to AGE of C. jejuni.
    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
  20. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Malaysian children: evidence for ethnic differences in childhood
    Boey CC, Goh KL, Lee WS, Parasakthi N
    J Paediatr Child Health, 1999 Apr;35(2):151-2.
    PMID: 10365351
    OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in healthy Malaysian children and to discover whether differences exist among children of different races.

    METHODS: Serum samples from asymptomatic children tested for H. pylori seropositivity using an ELISA test.

    RESULTS: Five hundred and fourteen healthy urban Malaysian children aged 0.5 to 17 (mean 5.9) years from three different racial groups had their blood tested for H. pylori antibodies. The overall prevalence was 10.3%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection between boys and girls, but a significant rise was noted with increasing age (P = 0.009). Seropositivity was most common in the Indians and lowest in the Malays (P = 0.001). Father's level of education did not affect the child's rate of H. pylori seropositivity.

    CONCLUSION: The prevalence of H. pylori seropositivity among asymptomatic urban Malaysian children is lowest in Malays. Intermediate in Chinese and highest in Indians. The racial differences found in children are consistent with those found in Malaysian adults.

    Matched MeSH terms: Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification*
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