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  1. Fulltext A Systematic Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographolide
    Dafur GS, Harun A, Kub TNT, Bakar RA, Harun A
    J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2024 Nov 15;35:e2408028.
    PMID: 39682008 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2408.08028
    Andrographolide, a bioactive compound from Andrographis paniculata, has gained attention for its antimicrobial properties, which include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiprotozoal effects. As an herbal extract used in traditional medicines, andrographolide also shows promise for developing new antimicrobial agents, especially in the fight against rising antimicrobial resistance. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 16 peer-reviewed studies published from 2010 to 2024 and focusing on andrographolide's effects on bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa were reviewed. The quality and bias risk of these studies were assessed using the In Vitro Quality Evaluation Instrument to ensure methodological rigor. The findings demonstrate that andrographolide is effective against bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. However, its antifungal efficacy is limited, as it was ineffective against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but effective against Alternaria solani. It exhibited strong antiviral activity against 2019-nCoV, Dengue virus, and Enterovirus D68, and showed antiprotozoal effects against Plasmodium falciparum and Setaria cervi. Nonetheless, variations in its efficacy across different microorganisms were observed. The quality assessment revealed low bias risk in 11 out of 16 studies (78.57% to 92.86%), while the remaining five had medium bias risk (57.14% to 64.29%), indicating an overall acceptable quality of the studies. Information on andrographolide's potential and effectiveness across various microorganisms is crucial. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to synthesize the existing data on andrographolide's antimicrobial activity and assess its potential in combating antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights the need for further research on andrographolide's antifungal activity, mechanisms of action, clinical safety, toxicity, and potential applications in antimicrobial resistance strategies.
  2. Fulltext Antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata intimate wash and commercial formulations against vaginal pathogens using the broth microdilution method
    Razian NRA, Tuan Kub TN, Suhaimi NA, Tuan Ismail TNN, Anis Amiera MA, Dafur GS, et al.
    PeerJ, 2025;13:e20144.
    PMID: 41089258 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.20144
    BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of a newly formulated Andrographis paniculata intimate wash in comparison with commercial brands (SebaMed®, Sumber Ayu, Lactacyd®, and Good Virtue & Co.) against vaginal pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of each formulation was tested against Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Additionally, Lactobacillus crispatus was tested to ensure the formulations did not inhibit normal vaginal flora.

    METHODS: The broth microdilution method was used to assess antimicrobial efficacy by calculating the percentage of microbial inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for A. paniculata and commercial intimate washes against the tested pathogens, except for L. crispatus, due to the inability to observe turbidity. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated for the A. paniculata intimate wash against the same pathogens.

    RESULTS: The A. paniculata intimate wash showed the highest percentage of microbial inhibition across all tested pathogens. It also recorded MIC and MBC values of 3.125 mg/ml against E. coli and C. albicans. Among commercial products, SebaMed® demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial effect against S. agalactiae at the same MIC concentration. The study concluded that the A. paniculata intimate wash is a potentially effective treatment for selected vaginal pathogens at higher concentrations and may promote the growth of L. crispatus. SebaMed®, a clinically established product, also exhibited notable antimicrobial properties. However, further in vivo and clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and assess toxicity. The study highlights the need for continued research into the potential of herbal intimate washes for treating vaginal infections.

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