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  1. Jagabalan JDY, Murugaiyah V, Zainal H, Mansor SM, Ramanathan S
    J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2019 Apr;21(4):351-363.
    PMID: 29667422 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1461088
    The intestinal permeability of mitragynine was investigated in situ using a single pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) absorption model, in small intestine of rat using mitragynine in the absence/presence of the permeability markers, P-gp and/or CYP3A4 inhibitors. Mitragynine demonstrated high intestinal permeability (Peff of 1.11 × 10-4 cm/s) that is in the range of highly permeable drugs such as propranolol (Peff of 1.27 × 10-4 cm/s) indicating that it readily crosses the intestine. The addition of azithromycin (P-glycoprotein inhibitor) and ciprofloxacin (CYP3A4 inhibitor) or combination of both has no effect on intestinal permeability of mitragynine across the rat small intestine.
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