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  1. Lai YY, Samsudin IN, Mohamed Mokhtar N, C Thambiah S
    Clin Chem, 2020 05 01;66(5):652-657.
    PMID: 32353132 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa017
  2. Lai YY, Thambiah SC, Mohamed Mokhtar N, Samsudin IN
    Malays J Pathol, 2024 Apr;46(1):109-113.
    PMID: 38682851
    INTRODUCTION: Persistently elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) despite levothyroxine (LT4) treatment that exceeds the standard weight-adjusted dose is a common clinical presentation. This may lead to additional testing for LT4 malabsorption or poor LT4 adherence, the latter of which is challenging to confirm because it is predicated on accurate patient accountability.

    CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old lady, post-radioactive iodine therapy for Graves' disease remained euthyroid for a year on oral LT4. Two years later, she was clinically and biochemically hypothyroid despite claiming LT4 compliance. As all laboratory investigations were within the reference range, pseudomalabsorption was suspected and a LT4 absorption test was done. During the test, her free thyroxine increased significantly at 4 hours, reaching a peak of more than 50% from baseline while TSH decreased appropriately from 0 minute to 360 minutes. This was followed by normalisation of TSH with LT4 treatment under direct observation.

    DISCUSSION: The LT4 absorption test is a prompt and economical means to rule out true malabsorption, decrease unwarranted subspecialty referrals and validate the weight-adjusted LT4 dose reduction.

  3. Lai YY, Lim CH, Nazli MS, Samsudin IN, Thambiah SC
    Clin Chem, 2023 Nov 02;69(11):1220-1225.
    PMID: 37932109 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad158
  4. Mobarak A, C Thambiah S, Masiman AD, Samsudin IN, Lai YY
    Pract Lab Med, 2024 May;40:e00395.
    PMID: 38707259 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2024.e00395
    Acquired methemoglobinemia, predominantly due to oxidizing medications occurs when heme iron in hemoglobin is oxidized from ferrous to ferric ion and binds oxygen irreversibly leading to functional anemia, cyanosis, and tissue hypoxia. We report a case of a 60-year-old man with multiple comorbidities who was diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and developed methemoglobinemia after consumption of prescribed supplements. He presented with dyspnea and cyanosis. An oxygen saturation gap with characteristic chocolate-brown arterial blood indicated methemoglobinemia. Outsourced methemoglobin (MetHb) was increased at 9.0%. Despite aggressive intervention, he succumbed to his illness. In this case, we discuss the pathophysiology of why some individuals, especially the elderly with COVID-19 are more susceptible to develop methemoglobinemia after possibly being exposed to oxidizing agents. Laboratory methods for assessing oxygen saturation, including pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas and co-oximetry are examined in relation to this case. The importance of considering a diagnosis of methemoglobinemia based on clinical and biochemical findings although MetHb assay or co-oximetry are not readily available is also emphasized.
  5. Salleh MFB, Lai YY, Mohamed Mokhtar NB, Thambiah SC, Samsudin IN
    Clin Pediatr (Phila), 2024 Aug 23.
    PMID: 39180240 DOI: 10.1177/00099228241271944
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