METHODS: This cross-sectional study employed retrospective data from Universitas Indonesia Hospital (RSUI), focusing on CKD outpatients treated between January 2019 and December 2022. CKD patients over the age of 18 were included, with exclusions for those suspected of having CKD, those with a history of kidney transplants, or missing critical data. The study outcome was the prevalence of patients prescribed PND, determined using reliable references to assess potential nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, compliance with clinical guidelines was evaluated at the individual drug level, with each PND within a prescription treated as a separate case. Descriptive analyses were carried out to determine prevalence, which were presented as percentages. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between patient characteristics and the prescription of PND.

RESULTS: In total, 248 patients were evaluated. The findings revealed that 177 out of 248 patients (71.4%) were prescribed at least one PND. The categories of these drugs included antihypertensives (50.9%), antigout medications (17.8%), antiplatelets (10.5%), antibiotics (9.8%), NSAIDs (5.8%), and antiulcer agents (5.2%). Of 275 cases of PND prescriptions, 220 (80.0%) complied to treatment guidelines, while 55 (20.0%) did not. Logistic regression analysis indicated that patients taking more than four additional medications were more likely to be prescribed PNDs than those on fewer medications (aOR 2.454, 95% CI 1.399-4.305).