AIM: Accordingly, the aim of this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of congenital abnormal shapes of lungs in relation to abnormal lobes and fissures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out on 270 isolated lung specimens (right lungs - 135 and left lungs - 135) from 135 formalin-embalmed middle-aged human cadavers irrespective of gender.
RESULTS: Out of 270 lung specimens following congenital abnormalities were reported - (1) three lungs (1.1%) had uunusual different abnormal shapes, such as typical snail shell-shaped right lung with single abnormal circular fissure, bearded axe-shaped left lung with huge cardiac notch, and single-lobed classical pointed hat-shaped right lung, (2) one right lung (0.37%) and 9 left lungs (6.67%) showed complete absence of fissures, (3) among 9 single-lobed left lungs, one had split apex separated by a left subclavian groove with the absence of lingula and cardiac notch, (4) cardiac notch and ligula were noted absently in 3 left lungs (2.36%), and (5) one right lung (0.37%) showed five lobes with complete one oblique and three incomplete horizontal fissures.
CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, such abnormalities of the lungs have not been cited in the recent medical literature. Awareness of these abnormalities is necessary to avoid complications during various radiodiagnostic procedures or cardiothoracic surgeries.
AIMS: Accordingly, this present study was designed to evaluate the abnormal ossified structures anatomically and radiologically within and around the foramen transversarium.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 182 (26 sets of cervical vertebrae) dried human cervical vertebrae obtained from the respective departments of anatomy and on 190 (95 males and 95 females) adult patients who visited the radiology department for neck-related problems such as stiff neck, neck/shoulder pain, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, visual disturbances, and cognitive impairment.
RESULTS: Among 182 examined cervical vertebrae, unilateral complete accessory foramen transversarium was found in 23 vertebrae (12.63%), bilateral complete in 19 (10.44%), bilateral incomplete in 6 (3.29%), unilateral complete double in 4 (2.19%), and unilateral complete absence of foramen transversarium in 3 (1.64%). Stenosis due to aberrant osteophytes was noted in 9 vertebrae (4.9%). Out of 190 patients, three males presented with cervical kyphosis, severe spinal canal stenosis, and spinal cord compression due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and osteophyte complexes at C3-C6, with the most significant compression at C5-C6.
CONCLUSION: A thorough understanding of abnormal ossifications in and around the foramen transversarium is crucial for the management of cervical spine disorders; imaging modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are crucial for recognizing and intervening in these cases, which is essential to prevent adverse neurological outcomes associated with vertebral artery involvement.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Accordingly, the aim of this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of accessory heads of biceps brachii muscle in human cadavers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 107 formalin embalmed human cadavers (male 62 and 45 female), and dissections were performed in accordance with the institutional ethical standards and the Indian Anatomy Act.
RESULTS: Out of 107 cadavers, three-headed biceps brachii was noted in 18 cadavers (16.82%) associated with the unusual course of musculocutaneous nerve. Rare and unusual unilateral five-headed biceps brachii was noted in one male cadaver (0.93%). All accessory heads noted in this study were supplied by the separate branches of musculocutaneous nerve except the humeral head of five-headed biceps, which was supplied by the radial nerve.
CONCLUSION: Awareness of these anatomical variations, knowledge is necessary for radiologists, anesthetists, physiotherapists, and orthopedic surgeons to avoid complications during various radiodiagnostic procedures or surgeries of flexor deformities of the upper arm and forearm.