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  1. Schauer PR, Nor Hanipah Z, Rubino F
    Cleve Clin J Med, 2017 Jul;84(7 Suppl 1):S47-S56.
    PMID: 28708482 DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.84.s1.06
    The term metabolic surgery describes bariatric surgical procedures used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes and related metabolic conditions. Originally, bariatric surgery was used as an alternative weight-loss therapy for patients with severe obesity, but clinical data revealed its metabolic benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolic surgery is more effective than lifestyle or medical management in achieving glycemic control, sustained weight loss, and reducing diabetes comorbidities. Perioperative adverse events are similar to other gastrointestinal surgeries. New guidelines for type 2 diabetes expand use of metabolic surgery to patients with a lower body mass index.
  2. Hanipah ZN, Rubino F, Schauer PR
    Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2023 Mar;52(1):65-88.
    PMID: 36754498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.09.002
    Long-term remission of type 2 diabetes following lifestyle intervention or pharmacotherapy, even in patients with mild disease, is rare. Long-term remission following metabolic surgery however, is common and occurs in 23% to 98% depending on disease severity and type of surgery. Remission after surgery is associated with excellent glycemic control without reliance on pharmacotherapy, improvements in quality of life, and major reductions in microvascular and macrovascular complications. For patients with type 2 diabetes, early intervention with metabolic surgery, when beta cell function still remains intact, provides the greatest probability of long-term remission as high as 90% or more.
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