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  1. Fulltext Assessment of self-management questionnaire in diabetes mellitus (ASQ-DM-EX)-the validation of novel lived experience inventory
    Swarna Nantha Y, Chung KR, Suresh HWN, Heng VKI, Yap CG, Tan HL, et al.
    Fam Pract, 2025 Jan 17;42(1).
    PMID: 39878310 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmaf003
    BACKGROUND: The optimal control of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is defined by the innate mastery of self-management behaviours. This study is designed to condense the lived experiences of people with T2D in relation to factors 'exterior' to themselves into a universal self-management inventory (Assessment of Self-Management Questionnaire in Diabetes Mellitus-External Reality; ASQ-DM-EX).

    METHODS: We collected responses to an online and physical survey from people living with T2D through a quantitative cross-sectional study. First, we tested the contextual validity and cultural preciseness of ASQ-DM-EX prototype through a preliminary pilot testing phase. These processes culminated in the development of a 91-item version of the questionnaire which was disseminated widely to evaluate the predictive strength of the ASQ-DM-EX.

    RESULTS: All constructs within ASQ-DM-EX showed internal consistencies within good to excellent range (Cronbach's ⍺ = 0.70-0.94), except for the Influence construct (Cronbach's ⍺ = 0.33). An increase in ASQ-DM-EX scores was associated with a reduction in HbA1c control (r = -0.17, P 

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