The blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, is widely cultivated in China. We isolated 6 microsatellite loci from T. granosa and used them to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of 5 widely distributed populations of blood clam collected from eastern and southeastern China. The allele number per locus varied from 4 to 9, and the polymorphism information content value was 0.301 to 0.830. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.304 to 0.460 and 0.556 to 0.621, respectively; the population from Yueqing had the smallest observed heterozygosity. In the neighbor-joining tree, Shandong, Fenghua and Yueqing populations clustered together, and there was geographic divergence between Shandong and Guangxi populations. Some microsatellite loci that were isolated from these mainland China samples were not found in blood clams collected from Malaysia.
This study evaluated microplastic (MP) abundances and physico-chemical characteristics in sediments and Anadara granosa along the East Java coast and their health implications. Fibers (74 %) dominated sediment MPs at south coast, while fragments (49-61 %) dominated north coast. Fiber (43-52 %) is the predominant MP in cockle tissues in all locations. Most MP in sediments (31-47 %) and cockle tissues (41-49 %) is black. The majority of microplastics (100-1500 μm) are found in sediment (73-90 %), and cockles (77-79 %). Very weak correlations found between the amount of MP and the length of the cockle shell. However, Spearman correlation shows that as the amount of MP in sediment increases, so does the amount of MP in cockle tissue. Each year, individuals of varying ages consume an average of 20,800 to 156,000 MP items. Cockles contain plasticizer components and microplastic polymers which are classified from II to V regarding of hazard levels, with V being the most hazardous.