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  1. Fulltext Comparison of the antimicrobial and antivirulence activities of Sidr and Tualang honeys with Manuka honey against Staphylococcus aureus
    Al-Kafaween MA, Al-Groom RM, Hilmi ABM
    Iran J Microbiol, 2023 Feb;15(1):89-101.
    PMID: 37069905 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i1.11923
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Honey is one of the oldest traditional remedies that has been widely utilized to cure a variety of human ailments. The objective of this research was to test and compare the antibacterial activity of Sidr honey (SH) and Tualang honey (TH) to that of Manuka honey (MH) against Staphylococcus aureus.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antibacterial activity of MH, SH and TH against S. aureus was investigated by agar well diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), time-kill curve, microtiter plate and RT-qPCR analysis.

    RESULTS: Agar inhibition assay showed that MH possess highest total antibacterial activity against S. aureus with an inhibition zone 25.1 mm compared with that of SH (22.2 mm) and TH (21.3 mm). The findings showed that when compared to SH and TH (MIC: 25% and MBC: 50%), MH honey had the lowest MIC (12.5%) and MBC (25%). After S. aureus was exposed to MH, SH, and TH, there was a decrease in colony-forming unit as seen by the time-kill curve. The lowest concentration 20% of MH, SH and TH was significantly found to inhibit S. aureus biofilm. The RT-qPCR results revealed that all the selected genes in S. aureus were downregulated in gene expression following exposure to each of the tested honeys. Comparing the total antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence activities of all the tested honeys, MH demonstrated the greatest levels of these properties.

    CONCLUSION: According to this study, various types of each evaluated honey have the capacity to effectively suppress and modify the virulence of S. aureus via a variety of molecular targets.

  2. Comparative in vitro activity of various antibiotic against planktonic and biofilm and the gene expression profile in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Abu-Sini M, Al-Kafaween MA, Al-Groom RM, Hilmi ABM
    AIMS Microbiol, 2023;9(2):313-331.
    PMID: 37091817 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023017
    P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is commonly found in nosocomial infections. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of seven antibiotics on P. aeruginosa planktonic growth, biofilm formation, and the expression of virulence factors. These antibiotics included Ciprofloxacin (CP), Amikacin (AMK), Vancomycin (VAN), Tetracycline (TET), Gentamicin (GEN), Erythromycin (Ery), and Clindamycin (CLI). Antibiotic susceptibility testing, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), growth curve, time-kill curve, biofilm inhibition and reduction assay, and RT-qPCR were used to assess the effects of these antibiotics on P. aeruginosa planktonic and biofilm. The clear zones of inhibition against P. aeruginosa for the CP, AMK, VAN, TET, GEN, Ery, and CLI were 26 mm, 20 mm, 21 mm, 22 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 23 mm, respectively. The MIC values for CP, AMK, VAN, TET, GEN, Ery and CLI against P. aeruginosa ranged from 0.25 to 1 µg/mL while the MBC values ranged from 1 and 0.5 to 2 µg/mL respectively. The growth, total viable counts (TVCs), bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa were reduced after exposure to all the tested antibiotics in a dose-dependent manner. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that all the tested antibiotics share a similar overall pattern of gene expression, with a trend toward reduced expression of the virulence genes of interest (lasR, lasI, fleN, fleQ and fleR, oprB and oprC) in P. aeruginosa. The results indicate that all of the tested antibiotics possess antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, and that they may be multiple inhibitors and moderators of P. aeruginosa virulence via a variety of molecular targets. This deduction requires to be investigated in vivo.
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