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  1. Rajadurai P, Fatt HK, Ching FY
    J Gastrointest Cancer, 2018 Jun;49(2):150-157.
    PMID: 28124769 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-017-9921-1
    PURPOSE: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Erbb2/HER2) overexpression, which was previously detected in invasive breast cancer, has now been implicated in advanced gastric cancer (GC) and gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEC). A study was conducted to determine the rate of HER2 positivity in patients with locally advanced or metastatic GC and GEC in Malaysia and to assess the impact of various demographic and clinical parameters on HER2 positivity.

    METHODS: A total of 228 adult patients with GC or GEC were enrolled from Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Malaysia, for retrospective (210) and prospective study. All patients were subjected to the HER2 immunohistochemistry test using an FDA-approved, standardized test kit. Carcinomas scoring 2+ on immunohistochemistry were further tested with HER2 in situ hybridization (ISH) using an FDA-approved test kit.

    RESULTS: The overall rate of HER2 positivity in the population studied was 24.6% (n = 56). The rate was significantly higher in men than in women (29.6 vs. 16.3%; p = 0.024). HER2 overexpression was significantly more common in diffuse type than in intestinal type of tumors (39.8 vs. 14.9%; p 

  2. Hunter E, Salter M, Powell R, Dring A, Naithani T, Chatziioannou ME, et al.
    Cancers (Basel), 2023 May 10;15(10).
    PMID: 37345033 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102696
    BACKGROUND: Unprecedented advantages in cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remain limited to only a subset of patients. Systemic analyses of the regulatory 3D genome architecture linked to individual epigenetic and immunogenetic controls associated with tumour immune evasion mechanisms and immune checkpoint pathways reveal a highly prevalent molecular profile predictive of response to PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs. A clinical blood test based on a set of eight (8) 3D genomic biomarkers has been developed and validated on the basis of an observational trial to predict response to ICI therapy.

    METHODS: The predictive eight biomarker set is derived from prospective observational clinical trials, representing 280 treatments with Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Nivolumab, and Avelumab in a broad range of indications: melanoma, lung, hepatocellular, renal, breast, bladder, colon, head and neck, bone, brain, lymphoma, prostate, vulvar, and cervical cancers.

    RESULTS: The 3D genomic eight biomarker panel for response to immune checkpoint therapy achieved a high accuracy of 85%, sensitivity of 93%, and specificity of 82%.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that a 3D genomic approach can be used to develop a predictive clinical assay for response to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition in cancer patients.

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