Water is indispensable for human survival. Freshwater scarcity and unsustainable water are the main growing concerns in the world. It is estimated that about 800 million people worldwide do not have basic access to drinking water and about 2.2 billion people do not have access to safe water supply. Southeast Asia is most likely to experience water scarcity and water demand as a result of climate change. Climate change and the increasing water demand that eventually contribute to water scarcity are focused upon here. For Southeast Asia to adapt to the adverse consequences of global climate change and the growing concern of environmental water demand, fog water harvesting is considered as the most promising method to overcome water scarcity or drought. Fog water collection technique is a passive, low maintenance, and sustainable option that can supply fresh drinking water to communities where fog is a common phenomenon. Fog water harvesting system involves the use of mesh nets to collect water as fog passes through them. Only minimal cost is required for the operation and maintenance. In conclusion, fog water harvesting seems to be a promising method that can be implemented to overcome water scarcity and water demand in Southeast Asia.
A large-scale solar photovoltaic system (LSS PV) aims to reduce the gap as Malaysia plans to shift electricity generation from conventional sources like fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The government plans to increase renewable energy to 20% of the generation mix by 2025. The first and second round of Malaysia's LSS programme has 958 MW of PV projects to be realized by 2020. The third round of the LSS program goes for an aggregate capacity of 500 MW. Being an intermittent source of energy, the major complication is with grid integration of the LSS PV system into the national power grid. This research aims to identify an optimum power system management scheme for LSS in Malaysia to stabilize voltage fluctuations by utilizing IEEE bus configuration. The simulation and planning of network type is based on PSS/E and PVSyst. The expected outcome of this research is to develop a solution for LSS grid integration with minimal loss in the system and in accordance with electricity standards as per Malaysian grid code. Additionally, the harmony of incorporating power electronic devices for reactive power compensation is tested. This work can be stated as a reference model for utility provider in other countries having similar network and grid configuration.