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  1. Exploring Cognitive Changes in High-Risk Cardiac Patients Receiving Dexmedetomidine and Evaluating the Correlation between Different Cognitive Tools: A Cohort Study
    Yazit NAA, Juliana N, Hafidz KM, Aziz NASA, Maluin SM, Azmani S, et al.
    Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2024 Aug;25(8):273.
    PMID: 39228501 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2508273
    BACKGROUND: Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely accepted clinically for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) assessment. This study aims to investigate the post-operative cognitive changes among high-risk cardiothoracic patients and establish a standardised approach to post-surgery cognitive assessment.

    METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study, where cognitive assessments were done 1-day before surgery, at discharge, and during 6 weeks of follow-up. Sample size calculation, accounting for an estimated 20% dropout rate, determined a minimum of 170 subjects were required for the study. Reduction of MMSE score of more than 2.5 was considered as having POCD. Score differences between groups were analysed using T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), while consistency between tools was analysed using correlation and regression.

    RESULTS: A total of 188 patients completed the study, with a POCD prevalence of 20.2% and 6.9% at discharge and at the 6 week follow up, respectively. All cognitive tools show a significant difference between preoperative and postoperative scores. All tests show a significant moderate correlation with MMSE.

    CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, it is imperative to employ a battery of cognitive assessments to evaluate cognitive changes comprehensively.

  2. Fulltext Microarray Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts of High-Risk Patients with Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunctions
    Yazit NAA, Juliana N, Kadiman S, Hafidz KM, Mohd Fahmi Teng NI, Abdul Hamid N, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023 Jan 13;20(2).
    PMID: 36674212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021457
    Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is cognitive decline after surgery. The authors hypothesized that gene-level changes could be involved in the pathogenesis of POCD. The present study evaluated the incidence of POCD and its associated differentially expressed genes. This was a prospective cohort study conducted on high-risk coronary artery bypass graft patients aged 40 to 75 years. POCD classification was based on a one standard deviation decline in the postoperative scores compared to the preoperative scores. The differentially expressed genes were identified using microarray analysis and validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Forty-six patients were recruited and completed the study. The incidence of POCD was identified using a set of neurocognitive assessments and found to be at 17% in these high-risk CABG patients. Six samples were selected for the gene expression analyses (3 non-POCD and 3 POCD samples). The findings showed five differentially expressed genes in the POCD group compared to the non-POCD group. The upregulated gene was ERFE, whereas the downregulated genes were KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3, KIR3DL2, and LIM2. According to the results, the gene expression profiles of POCD can be used to find potential proteins for POCD diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. Understanding the molecular mechanism of POCD development will further lead to early detection and intervention to reduce the severity of POCD, and hence, reduce the mortality and morbidity rate due to the condition.
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