This study was conducted to evaluate the significance of genotype by environment (G x E) interactions for tropical poultry breeding. Three environmental conditions were considered: controlled normal-temperature (20 +/- 2 C, CN) and controlled high-temperature (32 C, CH) housing in Germany as well as natural open tropical housing in Malaysia (22 to 34 C, TO). Eighty-four sires were considered as genotypes. Their 5,352 progeny were tested simultaneously over three environments. For each sire, its part breeding value (BV) was estimated within each environment for each performance trait. Correlations between these BV for a pair of environments were used to estimate the magnitude of G x E interactions and the degree of relationship between them to demonstrate their implications on breeding strategies. Differences between observed and expected genetic correlations of BV for body weight, egg weight, egg number, egg mass, feed intake, and production efficiency as a fraction of the expected correlation were 5.1, 4.0, 36.7, 36.5, 17.7, and 31.6%, respectively, suggesting greater significance of G x E interactions for reproduction and production efficiency. The relationships between BV over the three environments were linear for most of the traits studied, but the coefficients of determination were dependent upon the magnitude of interactions involved. Relative efficiencies of indirect selection in CN or CH for performance in TO were also very low.
Growth performance data of the local goats of Malaysia and their crossbreds with the German (Improved) Fawn goats were analysed using animal models with maternal effects, in order to estimate additive genetic and crossbreeding parameters. Two different genetic models, the Dickerson (1969, 1973) model and the Kinghorn (1980, 1983) model, were used to estimate crossbreeding parameters. Coefficients of additive breed, heterosis (dominance), and recombination (epistatic) loss were fitted in the animal models as covariates. In general, the individual breed effects for birth, 6-month, and 9-month weights, and maternal breed effects for traits until weaning, were significant, indicating large differences for growth performance between the German Fawn and the local breeds. Heterosis effects by the Dickerson model were small and non-significant, while dominance effects by the Kinghorn model, for some of traits, were large and significant. Highly significant individual recombination loss effects by the Dickerson model, and epistatic loss effects by the Kinghorn model, were obtained for birth and 9-month weights. The estimates of total heritability by an animal model incorporating maternal effects were moderate (0.18-0.35). The differences between heritabilities, estimated by different genetic models (the Dickerson model vs. the Kinghorn model), were small. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Genetische Parameter von Wachstumseigenschaften Malaysischer Lokalziegen und ihrer Kreuzung mit Deutscher Rehbrauner Ziege Die Daten wurden mittels Tiermodellen mit Maternalwirkung zur Schätzung additiv genetischer und Kreuzungsparameter analysiert. Zur Schätzung letzterer wurden Modelle von Dickerson (1969, 1973) und Kinghorn (1980, 1983) angewendet. Koeffizienten der additiven Rassenwirkungen, Heterosis (Dominanz) und Rekombinations-wirkungen wurden im Tiermodell als Kovarialbe berücksichtigt. Im allgemeinen waren individuelle Rassenwirkungen für Geburts-, 6- und 9-Monatsgewicht und maternale Rassenwirkungen für Merkmale während der Säugezeit signifikant, eine Folge großer Rassenunterschiede. Das Dickerson Modell führte zu geringen, nicht signifikanten Heterosiswirkungen, während beim Kinghorn Modell diese sich für mehrere Merkmale als groß und signifikant erwiesen haben. Hoch signifikante individuelle Rekombinationsverluste und epistatische Verluste ergaben sich bei beiden Modellen für Geburtsgewicht und 9 Monatsgewicht. Heritabilitätswerte waren mäßig hoch (0.18 bis 0.35), enthielten auch die maternalen Wirkungen und unterschieden sich zwischen beiden Modellen nur geringfügig.