Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) are uncommon and account for approximately 1% of all strokes. All transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVFs require treatment because of the low rate of spontaneous regression and frequent association with aggressive neurologic symptoms. Endovascular embolization which aims for permanent obliteration of the lesion is now the primary treatment modality for all DAVFs. We present a 56-year-old patient with long standing history of intermittent transient ischaemic attack (TIA)-like symptoms. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography revealed right transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVF and bilateral vertebral arteries occlusion. The patient’s symptoms completely resolved upon successful trans-arterial embolization of the DAVF
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to describe the neuroimaging changes of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), and to determine the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of TBM.
Methods: Between January 2009 and July 2015, we prospectively recruited TBM patients in two hospitals in Malaysia. Neuroimaging was performed and findings were recorded. The control consists of other types of meningo-encephalitis seen over the same period.
Results: Fifty four TBM patients were recruited. Leptomeningeal enhancement was seen in 39 (72.2%) patients, commonly at prepontine cistern and interpeduncular fossa. Hydrocephalus was observed in 38 (70.4%) patients, 25 (46.3%) patients had moderate and severe hydrocephalus. Thirty four patients (63.0%) had cerebral infarction. Tuberculoma were seen in 29 (53.7%) patients; 27 (50.0%) patients had classical tuberculoma, 2 (3.7%) patients
had “other” type of tuberculoma, 18 (33.3%) patients had ≥5 tuberculoma, and 11 (20.4%) patients had < 5 tuberculoma. Fifteen (37.2%) patients had vasculitis, 6 (11.1%) patients had vasospasm. Close to nine tenth (88.9%) of the patients had ≥1 classical neuroimaging features, 77.8% had ≥ 2 classical imaging features of TBM (basal enhancement, hydrocephalus, basal ganglia / thalamic infarct, classical tuberculoma, and vasculitis/vasospasm). Only 4% with other types of meningitis/encephalitis had ≥1 feature, and 1% had two or more classical TBM neuroimaging features. The sensitivity of the imaging features of the imaging features for diagnosis of TBM was 88.9% and the specificity was 95.6%.
Conclusion: The classic imaging features of basal enhancement, hydrocephalus, basal ganglia/thalamic infarct, classic tuberculoma, and vasculitis are sensitive and specific to diagnosis of TBM.