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  1. Difference in healthcare resource utilization and health-related quality of life between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in a public hospital in Malaysia - a retrospective case-note review and cross-sectional survey
    Lee KKC, Mohamed NNE, Abdul Aziz S, Mohamad Nazri D, Abdul Malek AZ, Lim JS, et al.
    Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2025 Feb 28.
    PMID: 40015692 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2025.2472976
    BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a growing global health concern, with its economic impact projected to reach USD 6.0 trillion by 2030. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD), characterized by non-responsiveness to initial treatments, adds a significant cost burden. In Malaysia, the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2023 reported a rising prevalence of depression in Malaysia, affecting approximately one million individuals.

    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A combined retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Psychiatry and Mental Health Clinic of Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) over an 18-month period, examining 286 patients diagnosed with MDD or TRD. Data were analyzed from governmental and societal perspectives, including direct medical costs, indirect costs, and other resource utilization.

    RESULTS: TRD patients exhibited significantly higher health-care utilization, including a fivefold increase in the likelihood of attending more than 10 consultations (p = 0.035) and greater use of second-generation antipsychotics (p 

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