Many studies had been carried out on breast cancer awareness and the practice of breast
self-examination (BSE). However, few studies had been conducted on the level of knowledge of breast cancer and the adoption of BSE amongst female undergraduate students. Even though, younger women have lower breast cancer incidence but younger women tend to have more aggressive cancer type and possibly present breast cancer at an advance stage. Therefore, it is best to start BSE at an early age especially in the high risk group because it will help in early detection of breast cancer. As such, this study aims to ascertain the level of knowledge of breast cancer and stage of adoption of breast selfexamination (BSE) among female undergraduate students of the Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences (KAHS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan, Pahang. Methods: A crosssectional study was carried out on 262 randomly selected female undergraduate students from KAHS, IIUM Kuantan. Data was collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire through a given link. Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.4 years. Approximately 78% of the respondents’ overall knowledge of breast cancer was fair. The knowledge on risk factors for breast cancer among respondents was a mere 48.42%. The majority of the respondents (84%) have heard about BSE. However, only half of the respondents knew how to perform BSE. Further, approximately 60% of respondents were at the pre-contemplation and contemplation stage for adoption of BSE. A significant relationship was found between knowledge of BSE and stage of adoption of BSE. Conclusion: The study found the majority of respondents have a fair knowledge on breast cancer and that knowledge of BSE is related to the stage of adoption of BSE.
Introduction: Various medium and high tube potentials were utilized to conduct chest x-rays. There
are advantages and disadvantages with regards to image quality and radiation dose when using
medium and high kilovoltage (kVp) technique. However, radiographers have misconstrued
understanding pertaining to the choice of tube potential as well as grid usage when performing chest radiography. Methods: The experimental study was conducted using the PBU-50 phantom by exposing it with medium kVp utilizing grid and non-grid as well as high kVp with grid. All images obtained were evaluated using the modified evaluation criteria for PA chest established by the Commission of European Communities, 1996 whilst the dose area product (DAP) was determined using the Dose Area Product (DAP) meter. The value obtained from the DAP meter was converted to entrance surface dose (ESD) usingCALDOSE_X5.0 software and mathematical formula. Results: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test indicated a significant difference in ESD when using medium and high kVp; Z= -2.666, p