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  1. Middle mesial canal in mandibular first molar: A narrative review
    Penukonda R, Pattar H, Nambiar P, Al-Haddad A
    Saudi Dent J, 2023 Jul;35(5):468-475.
    PMID: 37520597 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.008
    PURPOSE: This review aimed to assess the incidence, anatomical characteristics, identification, and clinical management using conventional techniques and advanced tools to manage MMCs successfully.

    METHODS: Medline/PubMed and Scopus databases were searched using "Middle mesial canal," "Middle mesial root canal," OR "Accessory mesial canal" keywords from 1 January 1970 and 1 February 2023. The most pertinent articles were chosen for the review from the retrieved articles. In addition, relevant articles were added by manually searching the list of references.

    RESULTS: The incidence of MMC is noticeable in younger people, and the confluent canal is the most common type. The majority of MMCs merged with mesiobuccal (MB) canals rather than mesiolingual (ML) canals. Clinical management could be employed using the standard endodontics protocol, and recent radiography technologies, magnification, rotary, and obturation materials can facilitate the procedures.

    CONCLUSION: The possibility of the incidence of MMC is not unusual. Detection and thorough debridement followed by obturation of the canal could increase the success rate of clinical outcomes.

  2. Impact of calcium hydroxide and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid on the microhardness of root dentine: an in vitro study
    Niranjan NT, Dastidar PG, Penukonda R, Lin GSS, Babannavar R, Jaysheel A, et al.
    Odontology, 2024 Jul;112(3):711-717.
    PMID: 38087010 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00874-1
    To evaluate and compare the effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) on the microhardness of root dentine. Fifty-one matured maxillary central incisors with straight root and type I canal configuration were decoronated to a standardized length of 16 mm. The root canals were cleaned and shaped using rotary instruments up to size F5. The tooth samples were then randomly assigned into three groups (n = 17) based on the intracanal medicament placed. Group A: control group with no intracanal medicament, Group B: root canals placed with Ca(OH)2, and Group C: root canals placed with HICA. After 1 week, the intracanal medicaments placed within the root canals were removed and the canals were dried. Subsequently, the specimens were split longitudinally into two halves and subjected to the Vickers microhardness test with indentations made at the coronal, middle, and apical-third root regions. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. The control group showed significantly highest microhardness value (P 
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