METHODS: Relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the keywords rutin, preclinical studies, signaling pathways, and gene expression. Peer-reviewed articles published over the last two decades were critically examined for pharmacological, mechanistic, and translational insights.

RESULTS: Rutin has shown strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic activities across multiple preclinical models. These effects are mediated by modulation of signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, STAT3, β-catenin, and EGFR. Such interactions regulate downstream gene expression and cellular response, highlighting rutin's role as a multi-pathway modulator with a role in future gene-based medicine.

DISCUSSION: Due to a lack of clinical trials, poor solubility, and insufficient bioavailability, rutin exhibits significant preclinical potential but is still understudied. Strong in vivo research and clinical trials are desperately needed, but new multi-omics techniques are enhancing its delivery and mechanistic understanding. To turn rutin into useful treatments, future studies should concentrate on optimal formulations, gene-therapy-related uses, and safety/interaction profiling.