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  1. Wenliang F, Rameli MABP, Ibrahim TAT, Noor MHM, Yusof LM, Zakaria MZAB
    J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2019 Aug;107(6):1898-1907.
    PMID: 30597760 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34282
    Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective and commonly used anthracycline anticancer drug for the treatment of osteosarcoma (OS). However, its antitumor effect is hampered by the nonspecific distribution and significant adverse effects. Nanoparticles based drug delivery systems are promising approaches to maximize the anticancer efficacy while decrease the side effects. In this study, biogenic aragonite nanoparticles (ANPs) were developed from cockle shells and loaded with DOX. An orthotopic rat OS model was induced by UMR-106 cells tibia cavity injection. The anticancer efficacy study included five groups: normal control group, OS model group, free DOX group (2 mg/kg), DOX-ANPs 1 group (2 mg of equivalent DOX/kg) and DOX-ANPs 2 group (1.5 mg of equivalent DOX/kg). This study demonstrates that the DOX-ANPs treatment groups can significantly reduce the tumor volume and increase the surviving ratio as compared to the OS model group. In addition, these two DOX-ANPs groups showed less toxicity to the normal organs compared to the free DOX group. Furthermore, DOX-ANPs 2 group showed the similar anticancer efficacy as DOX-ANPs 1 group, which suggested that DOX loaded onto the ANPs may allow the reduction of chemotherapy doses. These results highlight the promising application of ANPs derived from cockle shells as an effective drug delivery system for a successful chemotherapy against OS. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1898-1907, 2019.
  2. Mahmood SK, Razak IA, Ghaji MS, Yusof LM, Mahmood ZK, Rameli MABP, et al.
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2017;12:8587-8598.
    PMID: 29238193 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S145663
    The healing of load-bearing segmental defects in long bones is a challenge due to the complex nature of the weight that affects the bone part and due to bending, shearing, axial, and torsional forces. An innovative porous 3D scaffolds implant of CaCO3aragonite nanocomposite derived from cockle shell was advanced for substitute bone solely for load-bearing cases. The biomechanical characteristics of such materials were designed to withstand cortical bone strength. In promoting bone growth to the implant material, an ideal surface permeability was formed by means of freeze drying and by adding copolymers to the materials. The properties of coating and copolymers supplement were also assessed for bone-implant connection resolutions. To examine the properties of the material in advanced biological system, an experimental trial in an animal model was carried out. Critical sized defect of bone was created in rabbit's radial bone to assess the material for a load-bearing application with a short and extended period assessment with histological evaluation of the incorporated implanted material to the bone of the host. Trials in animal models proved that the material has the capability of enduring load-bearing conditions for long-term use devoid of breaking or generating stress that affects the host bone. Histological examination further confirmed the improved integration of the implanted materials to the host bone with profound bone development into and also above the implanted scaffold, which was attained with negligible reaction of the tissues to a foreign implanted material.
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