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Fulltext Machine learning techniques for diabetic macular edema (DME) classification on SD-OCT images

Alsaih K, Lemaitre G, Rastgoo M, Massich J, Sidibé D, Meriaudeau F

Biomed Eng Online, 2017 Jun 07;16(1):68.
PMID: 28592309 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0352-9

BACKGROUND: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) (SD-OCT) is most widely imaging equipment used in ophthalmology to detect diabetic macular edema (DME). Indeed, it offers an accurate visualization of the morphology of the retina as well as the retina layers.
METHODS: The dataset used in this study has been acquired by the Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), using CIRRUS TM (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) SD-OCT device. The dataset consists of 32 OCT volumes (16 DME and 16 normal cases). Each volume contains 128 B-scans with resolution of 1024 px × 512 px, resulting in more than 3800 images being processed. All SD-OCT volumes are read and assessed by trained graders and identified as normal or DME cases based on evaluation of retinal thickening, hard exudates, intraretinal cystoid space formation, and subretinal fluid. Within the DME sub-set, a large number of lesions has been selected to create a rather complete and diverse DME dataset. This paper presents an automatic classification framework for SD-OCT volumes in order to identify DME versus normal volumes. In this regard, a generic pipeline including pre-processing, feature detection, feature representation, and classification was investigated. More precisely, extraction of histogram of oriented gradients and local binary pattern (LBP) features within a multiresolution approach is used as well as principal component analysis (PCA) and bag of words (BoW) representations.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Besides comparing individual and combined features, different representation approaches and different classifiers are evaluated. The best results are obtained for LBP[Formula: see text] vectors while represented and classified using PCA and a linear-support vector machine (SVM), leading to a sensitivity(SE) and specificity (SP) of 87.5 and 87.5%, respectively.
Fulltext Classification of SD-OCT Volumes Using Local Binary Patterns: Experimental Validation for DME Detection

Lemaître G, Rastgoo M, Massich J, Cheung CY, Wong TY, Lamoureux E, et al.

J Ophthalmol, 2016;2016:3298606.
PMID: 27555965 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3298606

This paper addresses the problem of automatic classification of Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT) data for automatic identification of patients with DME versus normal subjects. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has been a valuable diagnostic tool for DME, which is among the most common causes of irreversible vision loss in individuals with diabetes. Here, a classification framework with five distinctive steps is proposed and we present an extensive study of each step. Our method considers combination of various preprocessing steps in conjunction with Local Binary Patterns (LBP) features and different mapping strategies. Using linear and nonlinear classifiers, we tested the developed framework on a balanced cohort of 32 patients. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the previous studies by achieving a Sensitivity (SE) and a Specificity (SP) of 81.2% and 93.7%, respectively. Our study concludes that the 3D features and high-level representation of 2D features using patches achieve the best results. However, the effects of preprocessing are inconsistent with different classifiers and feature configurations.
An anomaly detection approach for the identification of DME patients using spectral domain optical coherence tomography images

Sidibé D, Sankar S, Lemaître G, Rastgoo M, Massich J, Cheung CY, et al.

Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2017 Feb;139:109-117.
PMID: 28187882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.11.001

This paper proposes a method for automatic classification of spectral domain OCT data for the identification of patients with retinal diseases such as Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). We address this issue as an anomaly detection problem and propose a method that not only allows the classification of the OCT volume, but also allows the identification of the individual diseased B-scans inside the volume. Our approach is based on modeling the appearance of normal OCT images with a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and detecting abnormal OCT images as outliers. The classification of an OCT volume is based on the number of detected outliers. Experimental results with two different datasets show that the proposed method achieves a sensitivity and a specificity of 80% and 93% on the first dataset, and 100% and 80% on the second one. Moreover, the experiments show that the proposed method achieves better classification performance than other recently published works.

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