Introduction: Lipid-modifying drugs have been used to treat dyslipidemia as well as for the primary
and secondary prevention of CVDs and stroke. Objectives: This study aims to describe the drug
utilization pattern of lipid-modifying drugs in a private hospital. Method: A retrospective study was
carried out in outpatient of the selected hospital. Patients were selected based on inclusion and
exclusion criteria by using convenience sampling. Data were collected through KCIS by retrieving
patients’ registration number. Defined daily dose (DDD) was calculated and compared to World
Health Organization DDD. Medicine prices were also analysed. Results: A total of 180 patients’
record were analysed, 70% of them were male; 40.6% of the patients were from the age range of 50
to 59 years old; ethnicity breakdown was Malay (69.4%), Indian (18.3%) and Chinese (12.2%).
Among all lipid-modifying drugs, utilization of statins was the highest as statins are the preferred
line in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Innovator brands were more preferred where most of the lipidmodifying
drugs used in the selected hospital are innovator brand drugs. In terms of cost, lipidmodifying
drugs contributes to about 27% of the total cost of prescription in average. Conclusion:
The utilization of all lipid-modifying drugs in the selected hospital was lower as compared to WHO
DDD. As compared to combination therapy, monotherapy with atorvastatin was generally preferred
in the selected hospital. The utilization of atorvastatin was found to be the highest in the OPD of the
selected hospital.
Anti-peptic ulcer drugs (APUDs) such as proton pump inhibitors (PPI), H2 receptor antagonists (H2A), antacids are widely prescribed. This study is aimed to describe the utilisation pattern of APUDs based on WHO Defined Daily Dose (DDD) and identify most commonly used APUD in the selected hospital. A retrospective study was carried out in outpatient of the selected hospital for year 2017. Sample size was calculated using Raosoft. DDD of APUDs and direct drug cost were calculated. Data were collected through electronic medical record by retrieving patients’ registration number. Inclusion criteria were patients above 18 years old and APUDs prescribed for gastrointestinal related indications. A total of 160 prescriptions were randomly selected for data analysis. Based on the DDD calculated, Rabeprazole 20mg was most prescribed drug among PPI (n=33), while Maalox is most prescribed drug among the antacids (n=23). Based on the DDD calculated, Pantoprazole 20mg recorded highest rates per user per day about 1.26 DDD / user / day while antacids, Actal reported highest usage rate with 7.11 DDD / user / day. Besides, there are 5.4 days supplied per user for this drug. Dexlansoprazole 60mg is the most expensive drug among all the PPI listed in hospital formulary. It has 18.5 days supplied/user, which is the second shortest duration of treatment among all the other PPIs. In contrast, omeprazole 20mg is the lowest cost PPI but the duration supplied per user is longer resulting in higher total cost of therapy. In conclusion, PPIs were the most commonly prescribed.