Babesia gibsoni is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasite of dogs that often causes fever and hemolytic illness. Detection of B. gibsoni has been predominantly reported in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Bangladesh and India. The present study shows the first molecular characterization of B. gibsoni detected from dogs in Bangladesh. Blood samples were collected on FTA® Elute cards from 50 stray dogs in Mymensingh District in Bangladesh. DNA eluted from the cards was subjected to nested PCR for the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia species. Approximately 800bp PCR products were detected in 15 of 50 dogs (30%). Based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing of the PCR products, all parasite isolates were identified as B. gibsoni. Furthermore, the BgTRAP (B. gibsoni thrombospondin-related adhesive protein) gene fragments were detected in 13 of 15 18S rRNA gene PCR positive blood samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the BgTRAP gene revealed that B. gibsoni parasites in Bangladesh formed a cluster, which was genetically different from other Asian B. gibsoni isolates. In addition, tandem repeat analysis of the BgTRAP gene clearly showed considerable genetic variation among Bangladeshi isolates. These results suggested that B. gibsoni parasites in a different genetic clade are endemic in dogs in Bangladesh. Further studies are required to elucidate the origin, distribution, vector and pathogenesis of B. gibsoni parasites circulating in dogs in Bangladesh.
Childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors have longer delays in diagnosis than do other pediatric malignancies because health care providers (HCPs) lack awareness about clinical presentation of these tumors. To evaluate the knowledge gap among HCPs, we conducted a global cross-sectional survey. The survey consisted of a set of CNS tumor knowledge questions focused on symptoms, signs, and imaging indications. The survey was disseminated to HCPs via email (November 2018-March 2020). Participants had to complete a pre-test survey, attend an education seminar on CNS tumors, and complete a post-test survey. The knowledge gap was evaluated using pre-test and post-test scores. We received 889 pre-test and 392 post-test responses. Most respondents were from Asia (73.1% of pre-test responses; 87.5% of post-test responses). The median pre-test score was 40.0% (range: 13.1-92.9%). A high percentage of correct answers were given in post-test responses (median score: 77.1%, range: 14.9-98.2%). In the pre-test, 18.7% of participants accurately responded that Cushing's triad was a less common symptom, and 15.0% recognized that children aged > 10 years are at risk of late diagnosis. Surprisingly, 21.9% falsely reported that patients with malignancy experienced the longest pre-diagnostic symptom interval, and 54.5% of respondents wrongly selected medulloblastoma as the most common CNS tumor. Overall, pediatricians demonstrated a greater knowledge gap on both surveys than did other specialties. Conclusion: Pre- and post-test surveys revealed significant knowledge gaps in childhood CNS tumors among HCPs. Thus, raising professional awareness on clinical presentations of CNS tumors through educational strategies is important to address this knowledge deficit. What is Known: • Diagnostic delay in childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors continues to be a significant problem that negatively impacts the quality of life and treatment sequelae. • Lack of medical education on CNS tumors is a contributing factor to this problem. What is New: • Most health care providers do not realize that low-grade tumors are the most common neoplasm in children. • Health care providers fail to recognize that teenagers and adolescents are a vulnerable age group for diagnostic delays, with the longest pre-diagnostic symptom interval.