Dengue is a serious mosquito-borne viral disease caused by four antigenically distinct serotypes of the dengue virus, of which DENV-1 and DENV-2 have been found to play significant roles in outbreaks and severe disease across different geographical areas. This review discusses the epidemiology, host-virus interactions, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, severity, vaccination, and integrated control strategies of DENV-1 and DENV-2. The relevant literature was identified by searching major scientific databases using keywords related to DENV-1, DENV-2, dengue epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical severity, immune responses, vaccination, and vector control; studies were selected for relevance to the review's objectives. The evidence suggests that DENV-1 and DENV-2 share a number of major mechanisms in causing disease, including viral replication, innate immune modulation, endothelial dysfunction mediated by viral NS1, inflammatory response, and antibody-dependent enhancement, but that clinical outcomes are variable and may depend on viral genotype/lineage, prior dengue exposure, host immunity, age, geographical context, and study population. Furthermore, epidemiological and clinical studies have been unable to rank the severity of DENV-1 and DENV-2, as both serotypes have been reported to cause severe dengue across different settings and conditions. The available data thus suggest that the severity of dengue is multifactorial and not serotype-dependent. Ongoing comparative studies that integrate viral genetics, host immune responses, epidemiology, vaccines, and vector control are needed to enhance serotype-specific dengue prevention and clinical management.
Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy, and effective gene therapy remains limited by ocular barriers, tumor heterogeneity, and inefficient nucleic acid delivery. This review critically analyses the molecular rationale, engineering principles, emerging nanoarchitectures, biological validation, and translational prospects of dual-vector nanoengineered mRNA-CRISPR delivery systems for precision gene therapy in choroidal melanoma. The manuscript also highlights key challenges and future strategies for clinical implementation. Current evidence indicates that dual-vector platforms enable independent optimization of mRNA and CRISPR cargos while maintaining coordinated spatiotemporal therapeutic activity. We conducted a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant studies published from January 2015 to September 2026. Functional cargo partitioning, vector modularity, programmable intracellular trafficking, and ocular-targeted nanoengineering improve delivery precision and reduce biological compromise associated with co-encapsulation. Lipid, polymeric, hybrid, biomimetic, and viral-nonviral architectures each provide distinct engineering advantages depending on therapeutic objectives. Preclinical studies support enhanced genome editing, transient protein restoration, improved tumor suppression, and reduced off-target effects. Nevertheless, manufacturing scalability, regulatory standardization, long-term safety, and clinical validation remain major barriers to translation. Dual-vector nanoengineered mRNA-CRISPR systems represent a promising next-generation platform for precision gene therapy in choroidal melanoma by enabling coordinated and programmable therapeutic delivery. Continued advances in modular nanoengineering, personalized cargo selection, and clinically scalable manufacturing will be essential for successful translation into precision ocular oncology.
To compare the incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia between sitagliptin and sulfonylurea in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes who fasted during Ramadan.