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Repeated sprint training in hypoxia as a post-surgical rehabilitation strategy: A case study in an elite badminton player

Tee CCL, Chong MC, Yeap MW, Yeo WK

J Sports Sci, 2026 Nov 02.
PMID: 42969438 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2026.2756804

Badminton is a racquet sport that imposes high demands on both aerobic and anaerobic capacity and involves repetitive, high-intensity movements, increasing the risk of non-contact injuries to joints and muscle-tendon units. Returning to sport-specific conditioning after injury, particularly post-surgery, presents challenges for deconditioned athletes seeking to restore aerobic capacity while minimising mechanical stress imposed on the injured parts. This case study evaluated the feasibility of integrating short-term repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) as a supplementary modality within a late-stage post-lower back surgery rehabilitation program to support aerobic reconditioning before return to sport-specific conditioning. An elite men's singles badminton athlete completed 4-week RSH (FiO2 ~ 16.5%), alongside his regular rehabilitation schedule. The intervention consisted of 20 × 4-s all-out cycling sprints interspersed with 30-56-s recovery, performed once weekly. Post-intervention lactate profiling suggested a rightward shift in the blood lactate curve, with estimated increases of 33% and 10% in power output at the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, respectively, indicative of aerobic reconditioning. However, the present findings should be interpreted cautiously due to observed stage-to-stage blood lactate variability, single-case design, and concurrent rehabilitation. Overall, the present study supports the feasibility of incorporating hypoxic RSH in late-stage rehabilitation to facilitate return to sport-specific conditioning.
Influence of Running Velocity and Hypoxic Exposure on Vastus Lateralis Muscle Oxygenation

Yeap MW, Loh TC, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Girard O, Tee CCL

Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 2024 Sep 04.
PMID: 39231493 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0083

PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of manipulating running velocity and hypoxic exposure on vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation levels during treadmill running.
METHODS: Eleven trained male distance runners performed 7 randomized runs at different velocities (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 km·h-1), each lasting 45 seconds on an instrumented treadmill in normoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.1%), high hypoxia (FiO2 = 14.1%), and severe hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.0%). Continuous assessment of Tissue Saturation Index (TSI) in the vastus lateralis muscle was conducted using near-infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, changes in TSI (ΔTSI) data over the final 20 seconds of each run were compared between velocities and conditions.
RESULTS: There was a significant velocity × condition interaction for ΔTSI% (P < .001, ηp2=.19), with a smaller ΔTSI% decline in normoxia compared with high hypoxia and severe hypoxia at 8 km·h-1 (g = 1.30 and 1.91, respectively), 10 km·h-1 (g = 0.75 and 1.43, respectively), and 12 km·h-1 (g = 1.47 and 1.95, respectively) (pooled values for all conditions: P < .037). The ΔTSI% decline increased with each subsequent velocity increment from 8 km·h-1 (-9.2% [3.7%]) to 20 km·h-1 (-22.5% [4.1%]) irrespective of hypoxia severity (pooled values for all conditions: P < .048).
CONCLUSIONS: Running at slower velocities in conjunction with high and severe hypoxia reduces vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation levels. Muscle ΔTSI% proves to be a sensitive indicator, underscoring the potential use of near-infrared spectroscopy as a reference index of internal load during treadmill runs.

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