Normative Scores for Malayalam Cognitive Screening Test Battery among Older Adults in Kerala, India

BACKGROUND: Many neuropsychological tests are primarily developed in high-income countries, and normative data are not readily available for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We need culturally appropriate cognitive screening tests for India.

OBJECTIVE: Hence, we decided to translate the Hindi cognitive screening test battery (HCSTB) tool to Malayalam and establish the age and education-stratified norms for a Malayalam cognitive screening test battery (MCSTB).

MATERIAL AND METHODS: HCSTB was translated to Malayalam, back-translated by bilinguals conversant in Malayalam and English, and pretested on 30 older normal adults. Using a multistage sampling technique, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India. We approached older adults aged ≥60 years for informed and written consent. We excluded subjects with depression, functional impairment, cognitive impairment, history of stroke, psychosis, and visual/hearing loss that impaired cognitive assessment.

RESULTS: The normative data were derived from 441 older adults: 226 (51%) from rural areas and 215 (49%) from urban areas. Age and education affected the cognitive scores. The time to administer MCSTB among normal adults was approximately 17 minutes.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The derived normative data showed lower values than the published literature. A limitation of our study was the small number of older people with ≥12 years of education and the lack of neuroimaging of the subjects.