Pentaplacodinium saltonense gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) and its relationship to the cyst-defined genus Operculodinium and yessotoxin-producing Protoceratium reticulatum

Mertens KN 1 , Carbonell-Moore MC 2 , Pospelova V 3 , Head MJ 4 , Highfield A 5 , Schroeder D 6 Show all authors , Gu H 7 , Andree KB 8 , Fernandez M 8 , Yamaguchi A 9 , Takano Y 10 , Matsuoka K 10 , Nézan E 11 , Bilien G 11 , Okolodkov Y 12 , Koike K 13 , Hoppenrath M 14 , Pfaff M 15 , Pitcher G 16 , Al-Muftah A 17 , Rochon A 18 , Lim PT 19 , Leaw CP 19 , Lim ZF 19 , Ellegaard M 20

Affiliations 

  • 1 Research Unit for Palaeontology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 s8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: kenneth.mertens29@gmail.com
  • 2 Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA
  • 3 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, OEASB A405, P.O. Box 1700 Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
  • 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
  • 5 The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, United Kingdom
  • 6 The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
  • 7 Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 8 IRTA, Crta. Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain
  • 9 Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
  • 10 Institute for East China Sea Research (ECSER), Nagasaki University, 1551-7, Taira-machi, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan
  • 11 Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France
  • 12 Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Calle Hidalgo núm. 617, Colonia Río Jamapa, Boca del Río, 94290 Veracruz, Mexico
  • 13 Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-4, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
  • 14 Senckenberg am Meer, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
  • 15 Marine Biology Research Center, Ma-RE Institute, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
  • 16 Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 17 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 18 Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
  • 19 Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • 20 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Harmful Algae, 2018 01;71:57-77.
PMID: 29306397 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.003

Abstract

Strains of a dinoflagellate from the Salton Sea, previously identified as Protoceratium reticulatum and yessotoxin producing, have been reexamined morphologically and genetically and Pentaplacodinium saltonense n. gen. et sp. is erected to accommodate this species. Pentaplacodinium saltonense differs from Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparède et Lachmann 1859) Bütschli 1885 in the number of precingular plates (five vs. six), cingular displacement (two widths vs. one), and distinct cyst morphology. Incubation experiments (excystment and encystment) show that the resting cyst of Pentaplacodinium saltonense is morphologically most similar to the cyst-defined species Operculodinium israelianum (Rossignol, 1962) Wall (1967) and O. psilatum Wall (1967). Collections of comparative material from around the globe (including Protoceratium reticulatum and the genus Ceratocorys) and single cell PCR were used to clarify molecular phylogenies. Variable regions in the LSU (three new sequences), SSU (12 new sequences) and intergenic ITS 1-2 (14 new sequences) were obtained. These show that Pentaplacodinium saltonense and Protoceratium reticulatum form two distinct clades. Pentaplacodinium saltonense forms a monophyletic clade with several unidentified strains from Malaysia. LSU and SSU rDNA sequences of three species of Ceratocorys (C. armata, C. gourreti, C. horrida) from the Mediterranean and several other unidentified strains from Malaysia form a well-supported sister clade. The unique phylogenetic position of an unidentified strain from Hawaii is also documented and requires further examination. In addition, based on the V9 SSU topology (bootstrap values >80%), specimens from Elands Bay (South Africa), originally described as Gonyaulax grindleyi by Reinecke (1967), cluster with Protoceratium reticulatum. The known range of Pentaplacodinium saltonense is tropical to subtropical, and its cyst is recorded as a fossil in upper Cenozoic sediments. Protoceratium reticulatum and Pentaplacodinium saltonense seem to inhabit different niches: motile stages of these dinoflagellates have not been found in the same plankton sample.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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