Plant combination and rhizobacterial bioaugmentation are the modification of constructed wetlands (CWs) to promote the detoxification of leachate. In this study, characterization of leachate was carried out to ensure the maximum concentration of leachate that did not affect the plant's growth. Herein, the identification of leachate-resistant rhizobacteria is used to determine the type of bacteria that is resistant and has the potential for leachate processing in the next step. The phytodetoxification test is carried out by comparing the addition of rhizobacteria and without the addition of rhizobacteria to detox leachate parameter Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg). Results showed that used plants could still live in the largest leachate concentration of 100%. The rhizobacteria that were identified and bioaugmented in the reactor were Bacillus cereus, Nitrosomonas communis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytodetoxification test by a single plant showed the efficiency ranged between 40% and 70%. The addition of rhizobacterial bioaugmentation and plant combination can improve the percentage of COD 80.47%, BOD 84.05%, TSS 80.05%, TN 75.58%, Cd 99.96%, and Hg 90%. These modifications are very influential for leachate detoxification through plant uptake and rhizodegradation processes.
Conventionally, panel boards are produced with material flex or microparticle with P.U. or U.F. as adhesives. However, in this study, nanoparticle with epoxy resin as an adhesive was used to produce nanoboard. Coconut shell nanoparticle composite with epoxy resin as an adhesive was prepared using a compression molding technique. The coconut shell particles were originally 200 mesh size and then milled mechanically with a ball mill for the duration of 10, 20, 30, and 40 h (milling times) to produce nanoparticles. The composition ratio of the composite is 85 vol.% of coconut shell and 15 vol.% of epoxy resin. The formation of nanoparticles was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical, physical, and microstructure properties of the composite were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and universal testing machine. The results established that the properties of the composite (microstructures, mechanical, and physical) are influenced by the duration of milling of coconut shell particles. The modulus and flexural strength of the composite improved with an increase in the milling time. The density, thickness swelling, and porosity of the composite were also influenced by the milling times. The result suggested that the composite properties were influenced by the particle size of the coconut shell. The coconut shell nanoparticle composite can be used in the manufacturing of hybrid panels and board.