A sensitive and specific RT-nested PCR coupled with an ELISA detection system for detecting Newcastle disease virus is described. Two nested pairs of primer which were highly specific to all the three different pathotypes of NDV were designed from the consensus fusion gene sequence. No cross-reactions with other avian infectious agents such as infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, influenza virus, and fowl pox virus were observed. Based on agarose electrophoresis detection, the RT-nested PCR was about 100 times more sensitive compared to that of a non-nested RT-PCR. To facilitate the detection of the PCR product, an ELISA detection method was then developed to detect the amplified PCR products and it was shown to be ten times more sensitive than gel electrophoresis. The efficacy of the nested PCR-ELISA was also compared with the conventional NDV detection method (HA test) and non-nested RT-PCR by testing against a total of 35 tissue specimens collected from ND-symptomatic chickens. The RT-nested PCR ELISA found NDV positive in 21 (60%) tissue specimens, while only eight (22.9%) and two (5.7%) out of 35 tissue specimens were tested NDV positive by both the non-nested RT-PCR and conventional HA test, respectively. Due to its high sensitivity for the detection of NDV from tissue specimens, this PCR-ELISA based diagnostic test may be useful for screening large number of samples.
Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc.
The asymmetric unit of the title hydrated salt, C13H11N2 (+)·C7H6NO2 (-)·2H2O, consists of two independent 9-amino-acridinium cations, two 4-amino-benzoate anions and four water mol-ecules. Both 9-amino-acridinium cations are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.034 (1) and 0.025 (2) Å, and are protonated at the pyridine N atoms. The 4-amino-benzoate anions are approximately planar, with dihedral angles of 9.16 (19) and 5.4 (2)° between the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the two independent anions are connected by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to (100). The layers are connected through the cations by N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The water mol-ecules, which form O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonded chains along the b-axis direction, connect the anions and the cations by O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure also features π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.6343 (9)-3.8366 (10) Å] and a C-H⋯π inter-action.
In the title compound, C(10)H(11)N(5)O, the triazine ring forms a dihedral angle of 10.37 (4)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked by a pair of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming an inversion dimer with an R(2) (2)(8) ring motif. The dimers are further connected via N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C(10)H(11)N(5)O·C(6)H(10)O(4), consists of a 2,4-diamino-6-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-1,3,5-triazine mol-ecule and one-half mol-ecule of adipic acid which lies about an inversion center. The triazine ring makes a dihedral angle of 12.89 (4)° with the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, thus generating a centrosymmetric 2 + 1 unit of triazine and adipic acid mol-ecules with R(2) (2)(8) motifs. The triazine mol-ecules are connected to each other by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming an R(2) (2)(8) motif and a supra-molecular ribbon along the c axis. The 2 + 1 units and the supra-molecular ribbons are further inter-linked by weak N-H⋯O, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
In the title mol-ecular salt, C4H6ClN4 (+)·C5H7O4 (-), the cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.037 (1) Å for all non-H atoms. The anions are self-assembled through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a supra-molecular zigzag chain with graph-set notation C(8). In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. This motif further self-organizes through N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating an array of six hydrogen bonds, the rings having graph-set notation R 3 (2)(8), R 2 (2)(8), R 4 (2)(8), R 2 (2)(8) and R 3 (2)(8). In addition, another type of R 2 (2)(8) motif is formed by inversion-related pyrimidinium cations via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (101).
In the title mol-ecule, C23H22N2OS, the di-phenyl-acetyl and ethyl-benzene groups adopt a trans-cis conformation, respectively, with respect to the S atom across the (S=)C-N bonds. This conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond and a weak C-H⋯S hydrogen bond. The ethyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 87.53 (15) and 73.94 (15)° with the phenyl rings. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules into chains along [100]. A weak C-H⋯π inter-action is also observed.
In the title salt, C6H9N2 (+)·C7H5O3 (-), the anion is essentially planar, with a dihedral angle of 2.72 (17)° between the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the anions are connected by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a 41 helical chain along the c axis. The protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. The ion pairs are further connected via another N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
In the 3-hy-droxy-picolinate anion of the title salt, C6H9N2 (+)·C6H4NO3 (-), an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond with an S(6) graph-set motif is formed, so that the anion is essentially planar, with a dihedral angle of 9.55 (9)° between the pyridine ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric 2 + 2 aggregate with R 2 (2)(8) and R 4 (2)(8) ring motifs. The crystal structure also features N-H⋯N and weak C-H⋯π inter-actions.
The title mol-ecule, C22H17F3N2OS, adopts a trans-cis conformation with respect to the positions of the carbonyl and tri-fluoro-methyl-benzene groups against the thio-carbonyl group across the C-N bonds. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond with an S(6) ring motif. The tri-fluoro-methyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 66.05 (9) and 47.19 (9)° with the terminal phenyl rings and is twisted from the O=C-N-(C=S)-N carbonyl-thio-urea plane [maximum deviation = 0.0535 (12) Å], making a dihedral angle of 63.59 (8)°. In the crystal, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into a layer parallel to the bc plane. A C-H⋯π inter-action is also observed.
In the title compound, C25H26N2OS, the diethyl-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 67.38 (9) and 55.32 (9)° with the terminal benzene rings. The mol-ecule adopts a trans-cis conformation with respect to the orientations of the di-phenyl-methane and 1,3-di-ethyl-benzene groups with respect to the S atom across the C-N bonds. This conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, pairs of N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into inversion dimers, forming R 2 (2)(6) loops. The dimer linkage is reinforced by a pair of C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, which generate R 2 (2)(8) loops. Weak C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid seperation = 3.8821 (10) Å] inter-actions also occur in the crystal structure.
The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C10H11N2 (+)·C4H5O4 (-), consists of two independent 5-amino-6-methyl-quinolin-1-ium cations and two 3-carb-oxy-propano-ate anions. Both cations are protonated at the pyridine N atoms and are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.026 (3) and 0.016 (2) Å. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to the ab plane. In the layer, weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions, with centroid-to-centroid distances of 3.7283 (15) and 3.8467 (15) Å, are observed. The crystal structure also features weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the layers.
In the 5-chloro-salicylate anion of the title salt, C5H6BrN2 (+)·C7H4ClO3 (-), an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond with an S(6) graph-set motif is formed, so that the anion is essentially planar with a dihedral angle of 1.3 (5)° between the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. The crystal structure also features N-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O inter-actions, resulting in a layer parallel to the (10-1) plane.
In the title compound, C(27)H(20)BrNO(3), two intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds both form S(6) rings. The pyrrolidine ring adopts a twisted conformation about the C-C bond bearing the indane ring systems. The other two five-membered rings within the indane systems are in shallow envelope conformations, with the spiro C atoms as the flap atoms. The mean plane of the pyrrolidine ring [maximum deviation = 0.275 (1) Å] makes dihedral angles of 65.25 (7), 78.33 (6) and 75.25 (6)° with the bromo-substituted benzene ring and the mean planes of the mono- and dioxo-substituted indane rings, respectively. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network. In addition, C-H⋯π inter-actions are observed.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(27)H(32)N(4)O(4)·H(2)O, contains two independent benzimidazole-5-carboxyl-ate mol-ecules and two water mol-ecules. In both main mol-ecules, the pyrrolidine rings are in an envelope conformation with a methyl-ene C atom as the flap. The morpholine rings adopt chair conformations. Both benzimidazole rings are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.008 (1) Å, and form dihedral angles of 37.65 (6) and 45.44 (6)° with the benzene rings. In one mol-ecule, an intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond forms an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal, O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds connect pairs of main mol-ecules and pairs of water mol-ecules into two independent centrosymmetric four-compoment aggregates. These aggregates are connect by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network, which is stabilized by C-H⋯π interactions.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C5H6ClN3O·C4H6O4, consists of one 4-chloro-6-meth-oxy-pyrimidin-2-amine mol-ecule and one half-mol-ecule of succinic acid which lies about an inversion centre. In the crystal, the acid and base mol-ecules are linked through N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a tape along [1-10] in which R2(2)(8) and R4(2)(8) hydrogen-bond motifs are observed. The tapes are further inter-linked through a pair of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a sheet parallel to (11-2).
In the title salt, 2C4H6ClN4(+)·C4H2O4(2-), the complete fumarate dianion is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.018 (1) Å. In the anion, the carboxyl-ate group is twisted slightly away from the attached plane, the dihedral angle between the carboxyl-ate and (E)-but-2-ene planes being 12.78 (13)°. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an R2(2)(8) ring motif. In addition, another type of R2(2)(8) motif is formed by centrosymmetrically related pyrimidinium cations via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. These two combined motifs form a heterotetra-mer. The crystal structure is further stabilized by stong N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting a three-dimensional network.
In the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C2F3O2(-), the F atoms of the anion are disordered over two sets of sites, with refined occupancies in a ratio of 0.505 (17):0.495 (17). In the crystal, cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R2(2)(8) ring motifs. The ionic units are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to (100) by N-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional network.